职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案051422.docx

职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案051422.docx

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职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案051422

职称英语考试《理工类》历年真题精选及答案0514-22

1、Canyougivemeaconcreteexampletosupportyouridea?

【单选题】

A.special

B.good

C.real

D.specific

正确答案:

D

答案解析:

题干大意：

你能给我一个具体的例子来支持你的想法吗？

句中concrete的意思是“具体的”，同义词是specific，如：

Inpaintingart，themostspecificthemeandimageoftenexpressesthemostabstractthinking.（在绘画艺术中，最具体的主题和形象所表达的往往是最抽象的思想。

）special：

特殊的；good:

好的；real:

真实的。

2、Robots

Themostsophisticated（先进的）Japaneserobots,whichhavevisionsystemsandworkatveryhighspeeds,arestillbasedonAmericandesigns.Studiesofrobots,particularlycomputercontrolsoftware,areconsideredtobegenerallylessadvancedinJapanthaninAmericaorEurope.

Althoughindustrialrobotswereoriginallydevelopedasdevicesforsimplyhandlingobjects,todaytheircommonestusesareformoreskilledworklikewelding（焊接）,spray-paintingandassemblingcomponents.

InBritainrobotsalesappropriatelypeakedin1984,buthavebeendecliningeversince.ThisispartlybecauseBritishwageratesaretoolowtomakerobotsfinanciallyattractiveandpartlybecauseengineersnowhavemoreexperiencewithrobotsandaremoreawareofthedifficultiesofintroducingthemeffectively.

Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob.

Itisestimatedthat20%ofallcomicbookheroesinJapanarerobots.ThisisanenormousnumberbecausecomicsaresopopularthattheymakeupathirdofallmaterialpublishedinJapan.

ThereliabilityofrobotsismeasuredintheirMTBFormeantimebetweenfailures.Thishasrisenfromabout250hoursinthemid-1970stoabout10,000hourstoday（equivalenttoworking18hoursadayfortwoyears）.Onewayrobotmanufacturershaveincreasedreliabilityistotesteverysinglecomponenttheybuy,insteadofthenormalprocedureofjusttestingasmall.sample.

ThebiggestsinglebenefitofintroducingrobotsclaimedbyJapanesecompaniesisthattheyincreasequalitycontrol.Oneprogrammedrobotscanworkmoreaccuratelyandconsistentlythanhumans,whocangettiredandbored.

Onedisadvantageofusingrobotsisthattheyconsume________.

【单选题】

A.toomuchenergy

B.basedonAmericandesigns

C.theyaretoocostly

D.theyarenotreliable

E.qualitycontrol

F.freeofcharge

正确答案:

A

答案解析:

首先根据语法知识，及物动词consume后加名词作宾语，排除选项B、C、D。

consume作动词表示“消耗”，剩余选项中只有A选项“toomuchenergy”可以与其搭配。

此外，文章第四段Ithasbeencalculatedthatarobotusesonaverageabout100timesmoreenergythanahumantodoanequivalentjob也表明：

做同样的工作，机器人平均要消耗的能量是人类的100多倍。

由此可以肯定A为正确答案。

3、Migrant（移民的）Workers

Inthepasttwentyyears,therehasbeenanincreasingtendencyforworkerstomovefromonecountrytoanother.Whilesomecountrieshaverestrictedmostjobstolocalpeople,othershaveattractedandwelcomedmigrantworkers.ThisisparticularlythecaseintheMiddleEast,whereincreasedoilincomeshaveenabledmanycountriestocallinoutsiderstoimprovelocalfacilities.ThustheMiddleEasthasattractedoilworkersfromtheUSAandEurope.Ithasbroughtinworkersfrommanycountries,______SouthKoreaandJapan.

InviewofthedifficultlivingandworkingconditionsintheMiddleEast,itisnotsurprisingthatthepayishightoattractsuitableworkers.ManyengineersandtechnicianscanearnatleasttwiceasmuchmoneyintheMiddleEastastheycanintheirowncountry,andthisisamajorattraction.

Sometimesadisadvantagehasacompensating（补偿的）advantage.Forexample,thedifficultlivingconditionsoftenleadtoincreasedfriendshipwhenworkershavetodependoneachotherforsafetyandcomfort.Inasimilarway,manymigrantworkerscansavelargesumsofmoneypartlybecauseofthelackofentertainmentfacilities.Theworkisoftencomplexandfullofproblemsbutthismerelypresentschallengetoengineerswhoprefertofindsolutionstoproblemsratherthandoroutineworkintheirhomecountry.

OnemajorproblemwhichaffectsmigrantworkersintheMiddleEastisthattheirjobsaretemporaryones.Theyarenearlyalwaysoncontract,soitisnoteasyforthemtoplanaheadwithgreatconfidence.Thisistobeexpectedsincenocountrywelcomesalargenumberofforeignworkersaspermanentresidents.Inanycase,migrantworkersacceptthisdisadvantage,alongwithothers,becauseoftheconsiderablefinancialbenefitswhichtheyreceive.

【单选题】

A.opposing

B.limiting

C.including

D.asking

正确答案:

C

答案解析:

很显然，整个句子的意思是：

中东引进了包括韩国和日本在内的许多国家的工人。

因此including（包括）是正确的答案。

4、FermiProblem

OnaMondaymorninginJuly,theworld＇sfirstatombombexplodedintheNewMexicodesert,Fortysecondslater,theshookwavesreachedthebasecampwheretheItalian-AmericanphysicistEnricoFezmiandhisteamstood.Afteramentalcalculation,Fermiannouncedtohisteamthatthebomb＇senergyhadequated10,000tonsofTNT.Thebombteamwasimpressed,butnotsurprised.Fermi＇sgeniuswasknownthroughoutthescientificworld.In1938hehadwonaNobelPrize.Fouryearslaterheproducedthefirstnuclearchainreaction,leadingusintothenuclearage.SinceFermi＇sdeathin1954,nophysicisthasbeenatonceamasterexperimentalistandaleadingtheoretician.

Likeallvirtuosos（大师）,Fermihadadistinctivestyle.Hepreferredthemostdirectroutetoananswer.Hewasverygoodatdividingdifficultproblemsintosmall,manageablebitstalentweallcanuseinourdailylives.

Todevelopthistalentinhisstudents,FermiwouldsuggestatypeofquestionnowknownasaFermiproblem.Uponfirsthearingoneofthese,youhaven＇ttheremotestnotionoftheanswer,andyoufeelcertainthattoolittleinformationhadbeengiventosolveit,Yetwhentheproblemisbrokenintosub-problems,eachanswerablewithoutthehelpofexpert.sorbooks,youcancomeclosetotheexactsolution.

SupposeyouwanttodetermineEarth＇scircumferencewithoutlookingitup.EveryoneknowsthatNewYorkandLosAngelesareabout3,000milesapartandthatthetimedifferencebetweenthemisthreehours.Threehoursisone-eighthofaday,andadayisthetimeittakestheplanettocompleteonerotation,soitscircumferencemustbeeighttimes30000r24000miles.Thisanswerdiffersfromthetruevalue,24,902.45miles,bylessthanfourpercent.

UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions.Itdoesn＇tmatterwhetherthediscoveryisasimportantasdeterminingthepowerofanatomorassmallasmeasuringthedistancebetweenNewYorkandLosAngeles.Lookinguptheanswer,orlettingsomeoneelsefinditdeprivesyouofthepleasureandpridethataccompanycreativity,anddeprivesyouofanexperiencethatbuildsupself-confide.Thus,approachingpersonaldilemmasasFermiproblemscanbecomeahabitthatenrichesyourlife.

Thelastparagraphconcludesthewholewritingbystressingthevalueofimportantinventionsandsmalldiscoveries.

【单选题】

A.Right

B.Wrong

C.Notmentioned

正确答案:

B

答案解析:

最后一段是全篇的结论，强调了Fermi问题的价值：

UltimatelythevalueofdealingwitheverydayproblemsthewayFermididliesintherewardsofmakingindependentdiscoveriesandinventions。

5、GeologyandHeap

（1）Theimportanceofparticularmetalsinthehumandiethasbeenrealizedwithinthepastfewdecades,andtheideathatgeologymightberelatedtohealthhasbeenrecognizedforanumberofelementssuchasiodine,zincandselenium.Forexample,soilswithlowiodinecontentsproducecrops,andanimalsdeficientiniodine.Alackofiodineinthehumandietleadstosomeseriousdiseases.

（2）Theultimatesourceofmetalswithinthehumanbodyisrocks,whichweatherintosoil,gainingorlosingsomeoftheirchemicalconstituents.Thecropsweeatselectivelyremovefromthesoiltheelementsthattheyrequireforgrowth.Thewaterwedrinkcontainstraceelementsleachedfromrockandsoil.Thusthegeologyandgeochemistryoftheenvironmenthaveeffectsonthechemistryandhealthofplants,animalsandpeople.

（3）Sofarthereisnodatatosuggestthatpeoplelivingonmetal-richsoilsexperienceapotentialhealthhazard.Thelevelsofmetalswithinnaturallycontaminatedsoilsaregenerallynothighenoughtocauseserioushealthproblems.Livingonmetal-richsoilsdoesnotrepresentahealthriskunlesslargequantitiesofsoilaredigestedormetal-richdustisinhaled.However,smallchildrenareparticularlyexposedtometal-richtopsoilinplaygroundsandgardens.Theyarealsothemostlikelyonestoeatpotentiallydangerousmetal-richsoil.

（4）Heavymetalsarepersistent:

theydonotbreakdowntootherchemicalsintheenvironment.Industriallypollutedsitesusuallyundergointensiveclean-upandrehabilitationbecauseheavymetalsareahealthconcernoncetheyenterthefoodchain.Sometracemetalsareallegedtocausecancerandarealsoknowntocausepoisoning

（5）Incontrast,naturallycontaminatedsoilshavenotbeensubjecttooriskassessmentstudiesandrehabilitationmeasures,despitethefactthattheyfrequentlypossessmetalconcentrationswellabovethoseofsuchpollutedbyhumansandaboveenvironmentalqualitycriteria.

（6）Thereisavitalneedtounderstandthepotentialrisksandlong-termhealtheffectsoflivingonnaturallycontaminatedsoils.Futureenvironmentalinvestigationsofnaturallypollutedsoilsshouldconcentrateonthepotentialpathwaysofmetalsintothefoodchainandhumanbody.Geologistsshouldbepartofsuchstudiesastheycanprovidetheessentialbackgroundinformationonrockandsoilchemistryaswellasthechemicalformsofheavymetalpollution.

Paragraph3______

【单选题】

A.NoEvidencetoIndicateBadofNaturallyContaminatedSoil

B.PotentialHazardsofHumanContaminatedSoils

C.ResearchanChannelsofHeavyMetalsGettingintoHumanFoodChain

D.Geolog