高一英语牛津译林版必修一定语从句1.docx
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高一英语牛津译林版必修一定语从句1
定语从句
一、基本概念
1.定语从句:
在一个主从复合句中修饰某一个名词、代词或修饰整个主句的从句叫定语从句。
换句话说,定语从句就是用来作定语的句子。
2.先行词:
被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
先行词前一般用the,但在指“一个”概念时可用a,an。
3.关系代词/关系副词:
连接先行词和定语从句的词叫关系词,根据其在从句中作用分为关系代词或关系副词。
若先行词在从句中作主语、宾语和定语等,应用关系代词引导定语从句;若先行词在从句中作时间状语、地点状语和原因状语等,应用关系副词引导定语从句。
4.定语从句的位置:
一般紧跟在先行词后面。
但有时因句子结构的需要,定语从句和先行词被某些成分隔开。
5.引导定语从句的关系词分为二类:
关系代词:
that,which,who,whom,whose,as
关系副词:
when,where,why
二、基本用法
1.关系代词的基本用法(见下表):
关系代词
从句中作用
例句
who
指人
作主语
宾语(可省略)
1.Thisisthegirlwho/thatteachesusEnglish.(who/that指人,修饰先行词thegirl,在从句中作主语)
2.Heistheboywhom/who/thatImetyesterday.(whom/who/that指人,修饰先行词theboy在从句中作宾语,whom/who/that可省略。
)
whom
指人
作宾语(可省略)
whose
指人、物
作定语
3.Thisisthegirlwhosefatherisanengineer.(whose作定语,用来修饰人)
4.Iliveinaroomwhosewindowsfacethesouth.(whose作定语,用来修饰物,whosewindows=thewindowsofwhich
或ofwhichthewindows)
which
指物
作主语
宾语(可省略)
6.Thisisthebookwhich/thatIlostyesterday.(which/that指物,作宾语,可省略)
7.Theclockisaninstrumentwhich/thatcantelltime.(which/that指物,作主语)
8.Doyouknowthewomanthat/wholivesnextdoor?
(that/who指人,作主语)
that
指人、物
作主语
宾语(可省略)
as
指物
作主语、宾语
可修饰整个主句
9.ThisisthesamepenasIboughtyesterday.(as指物,在从句中作宾语)
10.Asweallknow,TaiwanispartofChina.(as指代整个主句的内容)
2.使用关系代词时应注意的几个问题:
a.在以下几种情况下只使用that不用which。
1.先行词是不定代词时,如:
all,anything,everything,nothing,something,little,few,much。
1.Itoldhimall(that)Iknow.
2.Hegavehereverything(that)hehad.
2.先行词被all,every,any,thevery,theonly,thejust等修饰时。
1.Ihavereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.
2.Youcantakeanybook(that)youlike.
3.先行词被序数词和形容词的最高级修饰时。
1.Thisisthebestbook(that)Ihaveeverread.
2.Thesecondplace(that)IwanttovisitisShanghai.
4.先行词既有人又有物时。
1.Wetalkedaboutthepersonsandthings(that)werememberintheschool.
2.Thepeopleandtheanimalsthatwerekilledintheearthquakehaveallbeenfound.
5.在Who,Which引起的疑问句中。
1.Whoistheboythathelpedyou?
2.Whichisthebook(that)youboughtyesterday?
6.若有两个定语从句,一个用which引导,另一个须用that引导。
Heboughtabookwhichcouldgivehimknowledgeandthatcouldhelptokillthetime.
7.当先行词在定语从句中作表语时。
Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.
b.在以下几种情况下只使用which不用that。
1.引导非限制性定语从句时。
Ihavelostmypen,whichIlikeverymuch.(which作宾语,指代主句中的pen)
NewconceptEnglishisintendedforforeignstudents,whichisknowntoallofus.
(which作主语,指代整个主句)
2.若有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词是which,另一个须用that。
Thebook(that)heboughtyesterdaywastheone(which)helikedbest.
3.先行词在句中作介词宾语且介词前置时。
ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.
c.当先行词为指人的关系代词时,引导词只用who不用that。
1.先行词为all,anyone,one/ones,those,people时,须用who。
1.Anyonewhoknowshowtodoitcandoitnow.
2.Thosewhowanttoseethefilmpleaseputupyourhands.
3.He,whodoesnotreachtheGreatWall,isnotatrueman.
2.在非限制性定语从句中,须用who。
Tom’sfather,whoisoversixty,stillworkshard.
3.在被分隔的定语从句中,须用who。
AnewteacherwillcometomorrowwhowillteachyouGerman.
4.在以therebe开头的句子中,多用who。
Thereisastrangerwhowantstoseeourheadmaster.
5.若有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词是that,另一个须用who。
Thestudentwhowaspraisedatthemeetingisthemonitorthatstudiesveryhard.
d.as和which的使用场合。
as
which
引导的非限制性定语从句
可放在句首或句中
不能放在句首
修饰“积极的”方面
修饰“消极的”方面
在句中含义
意为“正如”、“就像”
无此意
常用的搭配
常和such,so,thesame等连用
无此用法
“~+be+过去分词”结构
“be”可以省略
“be”不能省略
表示状态的动词
asissaidabove,
asalreadymentionedabove
asisoftenthecase
asitis
asisknowntoall
无此用法
都能引导非限制性定语从句,指代整个句子的内容
如:
Asweallknow,hestudiesveryhard.
比较:
Hestudiesveryhard,as/whichweallknow.
I’veneverseensuchaclevermanasheis.
HehastoworkonSundays,whichhedoesn’tlike.
Hewaslate,whichmadetheteacherangry.
Thebridgeisreallywonderful,as(is)showninthepicture.
Theexperimentisveryimportant,asindeeditis.
e.thesame…as…和thesame…that…的不同。
ThisisthesamebookasIlentyouyesterday.
这本书和我昨天借给你的相似。
(相似物)
ThisisthesamebookthatIlentyouyesterday.
这正是我昨天借给你的那本书。
(同一物)
【小试牛刀】
I.用关系代词who,whom,that,which,whose,as填空。
1.Theearthquake________shookthecityin1906wasthebiggestinAmericanhistory.
2.Wedon’tknowthenumberofpeople__________losttheirhomesintheearthquake.
3.Thehouse___________theybuiltin1937isstillinverygoodcondition.
4.Thehouse__________isbuiltonsandmayfalldowninanearthquake.
5.Theboy___________fatherisateacherisveryclever.
6.Aclockisamachine____________tellspeoplethetime.
7.Ourvillageisnolongertheone__________itusedtobe.
8.Thehouse__________heislookingforisveryexpensive.
9.Doyouknowtheman__________housesareallbroken?
10.________isknowntoall,themoontravelsroundtheearthonceverymonth.
【答案】1.that/which2.who/that3.that/which/不填4.that/which5.whose
6.that/which7.that/不填8.that/which/不填9.whose10.as
II.把下面各组句子合并成含有定语从句的复合句。
1.Thegirlisnothere.Sheisgoingtosingasong.
2.Theschoolisabigone.Theschoolstandsneartheriver.
3.Thegirlworksveryhard.Herfatherisadoctor.
4.Myuncleboughtthebikelastweek.Thebikehasbeenstolen.
5.Thepenisveryold.Ilentittoyouthismorning.
III.翻译下面句子
1.刚才作演讲的那个教授已经走了。
____________________________________________________________
2.你认识那个母亲是老师的女孩吗?
______________________________________________________________
3.鸟是一种能飞的动物。
______________________________________________________________
4.我上周买的那支钢笔很便宜。
______________________________________________________________
5.门朝北开的那间房子已经被卖了。
______________________________________________________________
【答案】
1.Theprofessorthat/whomadethespeechjustnowhasleft.
2.Doyouknowthegirlwhosemotherisateacher?
3.Abirdisananimalwhich/thatcanfly.
4.Thepen(that/which)Iboughtlastweekisverycheap.
5.Theroomwhosedoorfacesnorthhasbeensold.
3.关系副词的基本用法
关系副词
从句中作用
例句
when
作时间状语
IrememberthedayswhenIstayedthere.
where
作地点状语
ThisistheroomwhereIlostmypen.
why
作原因状语
Thisisthereasonwhyhewaslate.
思考:
同样是表示地点的先行词,为何有时候用关系代词that,which,有时候用关系副词where?
同样是表示时间的先行词,为何有时候用关系代词that,which,有时候用关系副词when?
请对比以下几组句子:
Ihavefoundthefactorythat/whichhevisitedlastweek.
Ihavefoundthefactorywherehestayedlastweek.
Thedaysthat/whichIspentthereareunforgettable.
ThedayswhenIstayedthereareunforgettable.
Thereasonthat/whichhetoldmeforhisbeinglateisthathegotuplate.
Thereasonwhyhewaslateisthathegotuplate.
说明:
当引导词在定语从句中作主语,宾语或表语时,尽管先行词是时间名词,地点名词或表示原因的名词,我们仍然使用关系代词that,which。
这主要根据从句中的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。
注意:
1.当用作关系副词,若修饰表示的名词time,day,moment,way时,用that代替when/why等。
如:
Ithappenedonthedaythat/whenIwasborn.
Idon’tliketheway(that/inwhich)youspeaktoyourmother.
4.由介词+which/whom引导的定语从句
介词一般由定语从句的动词而定。
Heistheboywhom/who/thatwearetalkingabout
=Heistheboyaboutwhomwearetalking.
Thepenwhich/thatIwrotethearticlewithisgone.
=ThepenwithwhichIwrotethearticle.
几种特殊的情况:
a.由when,where,why引导的定语从句常常可以替换成“介词+which/whom的形式”:
when=in/on/atwhich,where=in/on/at+which,why=forwhich
b.whose+n.=the+n.+ofwhom/which=ofwhom/which+the+n.如:
whosefather=thefatherofwhom=ofwhomthefather
whosewindow=thewindowofwhich=ofwhichthewindow
c.由介词短语+whom/which引起的定语从句
Thisisourclassroom,infrontofwhichthereisagarden.
Thebuildingatthebackofwhichisalakeisourchemistrylabbuilding.
Helivesonamountainontopofwhichthereisatemple.
d.数词/代词+介词+which/whom引起的定语从句
Ihavesomebooks,oneofwhichisinEnglish.
Shehasmanyfriends,allofwhomareinthesameclass.
(比较:
Shehasmanyfriends.Allofthemareinthesameclass.)
但有些短语动词中的介词不能提前,因为其短语拆开后完全改变了原来的意思。
Thisisthebookthat/whichI’mlookingfor
Therearemanypatientsthatthenurseslookafter.
5.what在其引导的从句中作定语
What在它所引导的主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句中作主语、宾语或表语外,还可作定语。
如:
Don’tworry.IwillgiveyouwhathelpIcan.别担心,我会近我所能帮你。
=anyhelpthat或asmuchhelpas
What在从句中作定语时,还可于few,little连用修饰名词,表示“尽管不多,但已经全部”。
如:
IwilllendyouwhatfewbooksIcanspare.我愿把为数不多的书全部借给你。
=allthefewbooksthat
Wecontributedwhatlittlemoneywehadtowardstheflood-strickenarea.
=allthelittlemoneythat
【小试牛刀】
IV.用关系副词when,where,why填空
1.Doyoustillremembertheplace_______youwereborn?
2.Idon’trememberthedate_______myfatherwereborn.
3.Yesterdaywewenttovisitthehouse________thegreatwriterusedtolive.
4.Doyouknowthereason________hekilledhimself?
5.Hewasbornintheyear__________theSecondWorldWarbrokeout.
6.Healwayswantstogotohishometownandvisitedtheplace_________hegrewup.
7.Kunmingisabeautifulcity________flowersareseenalltheyearround.
8.Thechildrentodayareluckyastheyarelivinginatime________ourcountryisopentotheoutsideworld.
9.Pleasetellmethereason________heisangry.
10.Thiskindofprogrammewillbewellreceivedinthecountries_________manyChineseareliving.
【答案】1.where2.when3.where4.why5.when6.where7.where
8.when9.why10.where
V.翻译下面句子
1.我已经找到了我朋友居住的那间房子了。
2.你记得你妈妈出生的日期吗?
3.请告诉我你买到那块手表的地方。
4.我不喜欢他的原因是他太笨了。
5.上海是个大城市,在那里你可以见到许多外国人。
【答案】1.Ihavefoundtheroomwheremyfriendsoncelived.
2.Doyoustillrememberthedatewhenyourmotherwasborn?
3.Pleasetellmetheplacewhereyouboughtthewatch.
4.ThereasonwhyIdon’tlikehimisthatheistoostupid.
5.Shanghaiisabigcity,whereyoucanseemanyforeigners.
VI.用恰当的关系词填空
1.Thefirstlesson___________theoldprofessortaugh