学术英语医学课后问题答案.docx
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学术英语医学课后问题答案
Unit1
1、Somefactorsthatmayleadtothecomplaint:
·Neuronoverload
·Patients*highexpectations
·Mistrustandmisunderstandingbetweenthepatientandthedoctor
2、Mrs.Osorio’scondition:
·A56-year-oldwoman
·Somewhatoverweight
·Reasonablywell-controlleddiabetesandhypertension
·Cholesterolonthehighsidewithoutanymedicationsforit
·Notenoughexercisessheshouldtake
·HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan
3、Goodthings:
·Bloodtestsdone
·Glucosealittlebetter
·HerbloodpressurealittlebetterbutnotsogreatBadthings:
·Cholesterolnotsogreat
·Herweightalittleup
·HerbonesalittlethinonherlastDEXAscan4
4、Thesituation:
·Theauthorwasinamoderatestateofpanic:
jugglingsomanythoughtsaboutMrs.Osorio’sconditionsandtryingtoresolvethemallbeforetheclockrandown.
·Mrs.Osoriomadeatrivialrequest,notsoimportantascomparedtoherconditions.
·Mrs.Osorioseemedtocareonlyabouther“innocent—andcompletelyjustified—request”:
theformsignedbyherdoctor.
·Thedoctortriedtooratleastpretendedtopayattentiontothepatientwhilecompletingdocumentation.
5、Similarities:
·Incomputermultitasking,amicroprocessoractuallyperformsonlyonetaskatatime.Likemicroprocessors,wehumanbeingscarftactuallyconcentrateontwothoughtsatthesameexacttime.Multitaskingisjustanillusionbothincomputersandhumanbeings.
Differences:
·Theconceptofmultitaskingoriginatedincomputerscience.
·Atbest,humanbeingscanjuggleonlyahandfulofthoughtsinamultitaskingmanner,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.
·Themorethoughtshumanbeingsjuggle,thelesshumanbeingsareabletoattunefullytoanygiventhought,butcomputerscandomuchbetter.
6、
·7medicalissuestoconsider
·5separatethoughts,atleast,foreachissue
·7x5=35thoughts
·10patientsthatafternoon
·35x10=350thoughts
·5residentsundertheauthorssupervision
·4patientsseenbyeachresident
·10thoughts,atleast,generatedfromeachpatient
·5x4x10=anther200thoughts
·350+200=550thoughtstobehandledintotal
·Ifthedoctordoesagoodjobjuggling98%ofthetime,thatstillleavesabout10thoughtsthatmightgetlostintheprocess.
7、Possiblesolutions:
·Computer-generatedreminders
·Casemanagers
·Ancillaryservices
·Thesimplestsolution:
time
Unit2
1、Theauthorimplies:
•Peoplesinadequateconsciousnessabouttheconsequenceofneglectingthere-emerginginfectiousdiseases
·Unjustifiabilityofpeoplescomplacencyaboutthepreventionandcontroloftheinfectiousdiseases
·Unfinishedwaragainstinfectiousdiseases
2、Victorydeclarations:
·SurgeonGeneralWilliamStewart'shyperbolicstatementofclosing“thebookoninfectiousdisease”.
·Astringofimpressivevictoriesincurredbyantibioticsandvaccines
·ThethoughtthatthewaragainstinfectiousdiseaseswasalmostoverWhatfollowedeversince:
·AppearanceofnewdiseasessuchasAIDSandEbola
·Comebackoftheoldafflictions:
»DiphtheriaintheformerSovietUnion
»TBinurbancenterslikeNewYorkCity
»RisingGroupAstreptococcalconditionslikescarletfever
·Thefearofapowerfulnewflustrainsweepingtheworld
3、Elaborateonthejoinedbattle:
·WHOestablishedanewdivisiondevotedtoworldwidesurveillanceandcontrolofemergingdiseaseinOctober1995.
·CDClaunchedapreventionstrategyin1994.
·Congressraisedfundfrom$6.7millionin1995to$26millionin1997.
4、Thebordersaremeaninglesstopathogenicmicrobes,whichcantravelfromonecountrytoanotherremotecountryinaveryshorttime.
5、TB:
·PrisonsandhomelesssheltersasidealplacesforTBspread
·Emergingofdrug-resistantstrainorevenmulti-drug-resistantstrain
·ArideontheHIVw^onbyattackingtheimmunocompromised
GroupAstrep:
·Achangeinvirulence
·Mutationintheexteriorofthebacterium
Flu:
Constantchangesinitscoat(surfaceantigens)andresultantchangesinitslevelofvirulence
6、Examples:
·ExperimentinEnglandisseeingthewaningimmunitybecauseofnovaccination.
·Duetopoorvaccinationefforts,thediphtheriasituationintheformerSovietUnionisserious.'
•ThevaccinationratesaredroppinginsomeAmericancities,anditwillleadtomorediphtheriaandwhoopingcough.
7、Thefourareasoffocus:
·Theneedforsurveillance
·Updatedsciencecapableofdealingwithdiscoveriesinthefield
·Appropriatepreventionandcontrol
·Strongpublichealthinfrastructure
8、TheinfectiousdiseasessuchasTB,flu,diphtheriaandscarletfeverwillneverreallygoaway,andthewaragainstthemwillneverend.
Unit3
1、Terry'slifebefore
·ShelovedpracticingTaeKwonDo
·Shelovedthesurgeofadrenalinethatcamewiththecontrolledcombatoftournaments.
·Shecompetednationally,evenwonbronzemedalinthetrialsforthePanAmericanGames.
·Sheattendedmedicalschool,practicedasaninternalmedicineresident,andbecameanacademicgeneralinternist.
·Shegotmarriedandgotasonandadaughter.
2、ThesymptomsofMSandautoimmunedisease:
·Lossofstaminaandstrength
·Problemswithbalance
·Boutsofhorrificfacialpain
·Dipsinvisualacuity
3、Terrydidthefollowingbeforesheself-experimented:
·Shestartedinjections.
·Sheadoptedmanypharmacotherapies.
·Shebeganherownstudyofliterature:
»ShereadarticlesonwebsitessuchasPubMed.
»ShesearchedforarticlestestingnewMSdrugsinanimalmodels.
»Sheturnedtoarticlesconcerningneurodegenerationofalltypes—dementia,Parkinson'sdisease,Huntington'sdisease,andLouGehrig'sdisease.
»Sherelearnedbasicsciencessuchascellularphysiology,biochemistry,andneurophysiology.
4、ApproachesTerrymainlyused:
·Self-experimentationwithvariousnutrientstoslowneurodegenerationbasedonliteraturereportsonanimalmodels
·Self-experimentationwithneuromuscularelectricalstimulationwhichisnotanapprovedtreatmentforMS
·Onlinesearchtoidentifythesourcesofmicronutrientsandhavinganewdiet
·Reductionoffoodallergiesandtoxicload
5、Casesmentionedinthetext:
·Increasedmercurystoresinthebrainsofpeoplewithdentalfillings
·HighlevelsoftheherbicideatrazineinprivatewellsinIowa
·Thestrongassociationbetweenpesticideexposureandneurodegeneration
·Theassociationofsinglenucleotidepolymorphismsinvolvingmetabolismofsulfurand/orBvitamins
·Inefficientclearingoftoxins
6、With70%to90%oftheriskfordiabetes,heartdisease,cancer,andautoimmunitybeingduetoenvironmentalfactorsotherthanthegenes,wecantakemanyhealthproblemsandthehealthcarecrisisunderourcontrol,forexample,optimizingournutritionandreducingourtoxicload.
Unit4
1、Twoconcepts:
·Complementarymedicinereferstotheuseofconventionaltherapiestogetherwithalternativetreatmentssuchasusingacupunctureinadditiontousualcaretohelplessenpain.ComplementaryandalternativemedicineisshortenedasCAM.
·Alternativemedicinereferstohealingtreatmentsthatarenotpartofconventionaltherapies—likeacupuncture,massagetherapy,orherbalmedicine.Theyarecalledsobecausepeopleusedtoconsiderpracticesliketheseoutsidethemainstream.
2
·TCMdoesnotrequireadvanced,complicated,andinmostcases,expensivefacilities.
·TCMemploysneedles,cups,coins,tomentionbutafew.
·MostproceduresandoperationsofTCMarenoninvasive.
·Thesubstancesusedasmedicinearerawherbsorabstractsfromthem,andtheyareindeedallnatural,fromnature.
·TCMhasbeenpracticedaslongastheChinesehistory,sotheefficiencyisprovenandensured.
·Ongoingresearcharoundtheworldonacupuncture,herbs,massageandTaiChihaveshedlightonsomeofthetheoriesandpracticesofTCM
3、Itmaybeusedasanadjuncttreatment,analternative,orpartofacomprehensivemanagementprogramforanumberofconditions:
post-operativeandchemotherapyinducednauseaandvomiting,post-operativedentalpain,addiction,strokerehabilitation,headache,menstrualcramps,tenniselbow,fibromyalgia,myofascialpain,osteoarthritis,lowbackpain,carpaltunnelsyndrome,andasthma.
4、Awell-justifiedNO:
·Moreintenseresearchtouncoveradditionalareasfortheuseofacupuncture
·Higheradoptionofacupunctureasacommontherapeuticmodalitynotonlyintreatmentbutalsoinpreventionofdiseaseandpromotionofwellness
·Explorationandperfectionofinnovativemethodsofacupuncturepointstimulationwithtechnologicaladvancement
·Improvedunderstandingofneuroscienceandotheraspectsofhumanphysiologyandfunctionbybasicresearchonacupuncture
·Greaterinterestbystakeholders
·Anincreasingnumberofphysicianacupuncturists
5、
·Appropriateusesofherbsdependonproperguidance:
»ProperTCMdiagnosisofthezhengofthepatient
»Correctselectionofthecorrespondingtherapeuticstrategiesandprinciplesthatguidethechoiceofherbsandherbalformulas
·Digressionfromeitheroftheaboveguidencewillleadtomisusesofherbs,andwillresultincomplicationsinpatient
6、
·Randomizedcontrolledtrials
Advantages:
»Eliminationofthepotentialbiasintheallocationofparticipantstotheinterventiongrouporcontrolgroup
»Tendencytoproducecomparablegroups
»Guaranteedvalidityofstatisticaltestsofsignificance
Limitations:
»Difficultyingeneralizingtheresultsobtainedfromtheselectedsamplingtothepopulationasawhole
»Apoorchoiceforresearchwheretemporalfactorsareanissue
»Extremelyheavyresources,requiringverylargesamplegroups
•Quasi-experiments
Advantages:
»Controlgroupcomparisonspossible
»Reducedthreatstoexternalvalidityasnaturalenvir