托福阅读长难句 答案讲解.docx

托福阅读长难句 答案讲解.docx

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托福阅读长难句答案讲解

Whichofthefollowingbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentence?

Incorrectanswerchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

1.Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits.

○Functionalapplied-artobjectscannotvarymuchfromthebasicpatternsdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.

○Thefunctionofapplied-artobjectsisdeterminedbybasicpatternsinthelawsofphysics.

○Sincefunctionalapplied-artobjectsvaryonlywithincertainlimits,arbitrarydecisionscannothavedeterminedtheirgeneralform.

○Thegeneralformofapplied-artobjectsislimitedbysomearbitrarydecisionthatisnotdeterminedbythelawsofphysics.

2.Thestructureofthebackboneshows,however,thatAmbulocetusswamlikemodernwhales[bymovingtherearportionofitsbodyupanddown],eventhoughaflukewasmissing.

○EventhoughAmbulocetusswambymovingitsbodyupanddown,itdidnothaveabackbone.

○ThebackboneofAmbulocetus,whichallowedittoswim,providesevidenceofitsmissingfluke.

○AlthoughAmbulocetushadnofluke,itsbackbonestructureshowsthatitswamlikemodernwhales.

○Bymovingtherearpartsoftheirbodiesupanddown,modernwhalesswiminadifferentwayfromthewayAmbulocetusswam.

3.Theextremeseriousnessofdesertificationresultsfromthevastareasoflandandthetremendousnumbersofpeopleaffected,aswellasfromthegreatdifficultyofreversingorevenslowingtheprocess.

○Desertificationisasignificantproblembecauseitissohardtoreverseandaffectslargeareasoflandandgreatnumbersofpeople.

○Slowingdowntheprocessofdesertificationisdifficultbecauseofpopulationgrowththathasspreadoverlargeareasofland.

○Thespreadofdesertsisconsideredaveryseriousproblemthatcanbesolvedonlyiflargenumbersofpeopleinvariouscountriesareinvolvedintheeffort.

○Desertificationisextremelyhardtoreverseunlessthepopulationisreducedinthevastareasaffected.

4.Herefusedtodevelopprojectiontechnology,reasoningthatifhemadeandsoldprojectors,thenexhibitorswouldpurchaseonlyonemachine-aprojector-fromhiminsteadofseveral.

○Edisonwasmoreinterestedindevelopingavarietyofmachinesthanindevelopingatechnologybasedononlyone.

○Edisonrefusedtoworkonprojectiontechnologybecausehedidnotthinkexhibitorswouldreplacetheirprojectorswithnewermachines.

○Edisondidnotwanttodevelopprojectiontechnologybecauseitlimitedthenumberofmachineshecouldsell.

○Edisonwouldnotdevelopprojectiontechnologyunlessexhibitorsagreedtopurchasemorethanoneprojectorfromhim.

5.Forexample,people[whobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustified-asduringwartime-]arelikelytoactaggressively,whereaspeople[whobelievethataparticularwaroractofaggressionisunjust,orwhothinkthataggressionisneverjustified,]arelesslikelytobehaveaggressively.

○Peoplewhobelievethattheyarefightingajustwaractaggressivelywhilethosewhobelievethattheyarefightinganunjustwardonot.

○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedaremorelikelytoactaggressivelythanthosewhobelievedifferently.

○Peoplewhonormallydonotbelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifiedmayactaggressivelyduringwartime.

○Peoplewhobelievethataggressionisnecessaryandjustifieddonotnecessarilyactaggressivelyduringwartime.

6.Apprenticeswereconsideredpartofthefamily,andmasterswereresponsiblenotonlyforteachingtheirapprenticesatradebutalsoforprovidingthemsomeeducationandforsupervisingtheirmoralbehavior.

○Mastersdemandedmoralbehaviorfromapprenticesbutoftentreatedthemirresponsibly.

○Theresponsibilitiesofthemastertotheapprenticewentbeyondtheteachingofatrade.

○Masterspreferredtomaintainthetradewithinthefamilybysupervisingandeducatingtheyoungerfamilymembers.

○Masterswhotrainedmembersoftheirownfamilyasapprenticesdemandedexcellencefromthem.

7.Onepotentialproblemisthatopeningthemouthtobreathedetractsfromthestreamliningofthesefishesandtendstoslowthemdown.

○Thesefishesoftenhaveaproblemopeningtheirmouthswhileswimming.

○Thestreamliningofthesefishespreventsthemfromslowingdown.

○Thestreamliningofthesefishestendstoslowdowntheirbreathing.

○Openingthemouthtobreathecanreducethespeedofthesefishes.

8.Hillsandmountainsareoftenregardedastheepitomeofpermanence,successfullyresistingthedestructiveforcesofnature,butinfacttheytendtoberelativelyshort-livedingeologicalterms.

○Whentheyarerelativelyyoung,hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature.

○Althoughtheyseempermanent,hillsandmountainsexistforarelativelyshortperiodofgeologicaltime.

○Hillsandmountainssuccessfullyresistthedestructiveforcesofnature,butonlyforashorttime.

○Hillsandmountainsresistthedestructiveforcesofnaturebetterthanothertypesoflandforms.

9.TheWhigswerestrongestinthetowns,cities,andthoseruralareasthatwerefullyintegratedintothemarketeconomy,whereasDemocratsdominatedareasofsemisubsistencefarmingthatweremoreisolatedandlanguishingeconomically.

○WhigswereabletoattractsupportonlyinthewealthiestpartsoftheeconomybecauseDemocratsdominatedinotherareas.

○WhigandDemocraticareasofinfluencewerenaturallysplitbetweenurbanandruralareas,respectively.

○ThesemisubsistencefarmingareasdominatedbyDemocratsbecameincreasinglyisolatedbytheWhigs'controlofthemarketeconomy.

○TheDemocrats'powerwasgreatestinpoorerareaswhiletheWhigswerestrongestinthoseareaswherethemarketwasalreadyfullyoperating.

10.TheForealsodisplayedfamiliarfacialexpressionswhenaskedhowtheywouldrespondiftheywerethecharactersinstories【thatcalledforbasicemotionalresponses.】

○TheFore'sfacialexpressionsindicatedtheirunwillingnesstopretendtobestorycharacters.

○TheForewereaskedtodisplayfamiliarfacialexpressionswhentheytoldtheirstories.

○TheForeexhibitedthesamerelationshipoffacialexpressionsandbasicemotions【thatisseeninWesternculture】whentheyactedoutstories.

○TheForewerefamiliarwiththefacialexpressionsandbasicemotionsofcharactersinstories.

11.【Althoughherearlytheatricalcareerhadincludedstintsasanactress,】shewasnotprimarilyinterestedinstorytellingorexpressingemotionsthroughdance;thedramaofherdancingemanatedfromhervisualeffects.

○Fullerwasmoreinterestedindance’svisualimpactthaninitsnarrativeoremotionalpossibilities.

○Fullerusedvisualeffectstodramatizethestoriesandemotionsexpressedinherwork.强加关系

○Fullerbelievedthatthedramaofherdancingsprangfromheremotionalstyleofstorytelling.

○Fuller’sfocusonthevisualeffectsofdanceresultedfromherearlytheatricaltrainingasanactress.

12.Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusion【whenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun】,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergs【underagreatvarietyoflightconditions】.

一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉；但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。

○Oneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.

○Oneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.incomplete

○Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.

○Oneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.

13.Earthis[atargetinacosmicshootinggallery],subjecttorandomviolenteventsthatwereunsuspectedafewdecadesago.

○Untilrecently,nobodyrealizedthatEarthisexposedtounpredictableviolentimpactsfromspace.

○Inthelastfewdecades,theriskofarandomviolentimpactfromspacehasincreased.

○SincemostviolenteventsonEarthoccurrandomly,nobodycanpredictwhenorwheretheywillhappen.

○Afewdecadesago,Earthbecamethetargetofrandomviolenteventsoriginatinginouterspace.

14.Largewindfarmsmightalsointerferewiththeflightpatternsofmigratorybirdsincertainareas,andtheyhavekilledlargebirdsofprey（especiallyhawks,falcons,andeagles）thatprefertohuntalongthesameridgelinesthatareidealforwindturbines.

○Hawks,falcons,andeaglesprefertohuntalongridgelines,wherewindturbinescankilllargenumbersofmigratorybirds.

○Windturbinesoccasionallycausemigratorybirdstochangetheirflightpatternsandthereforemayinterferewiththeareaswherebirdsofpreyprefertohunt.

○Someofthebestlocationsforlargewindfarmsareplacesthatmaycauseproblemsformigratingbirdsandbirdsofprey.

○Largewindfarmsincertainareaskillhawks,falcons,andeaglesandthusmightcreateamoreidealpathfortheflightofmigratorybirds.

15.Theseplants（Dandelions）aretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,【suchasalonganerodingriverbank,on