托福阅读长难句 答案讲解.docx

1、托福阅读长难句 答案讲解Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information. 1.Since the laws of physics, not some arbitrary decision, have determined the general form of app

2、lied-art objects, they follow basic patterns, so much so that functional forms can vary only within certain limits.Functional applied-art objects cannot vary much from the basic patterns determined by the laws of physics. The function of applied-art objects is determined by basic patterns in the law

3、s of physics. Since functional applied-art objects vary only within certain limits, arbitrary decisions cannot have determined their general form. The general form of applied-art objects is limited by some arbitrary decision that is not determined by the laws of physics. 2.The structure of the backb

4、one shows, however, that Ambulocetus swam like modern whales by moving the rear portion of its body up and down, even though a fluke was missing.Even though Ambulocetus swam by moving its body up and down, it did not have a backbone.The backbone of Ambulocetus, which allowed it to swim, provides evi

5、dence of its missing fluke.Although Ambulocetus had no fluke, its backbone structure shows that it swam like modern whales.By moving the rear parts of their bodies up and down, modern whales swim in a different way from the way Ambulocetus swam.3.The extreme seriousness of desertification results fr

6、om the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected, as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process.Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people. Slowing down t

7、he process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort. Desertification is extremel

8、y hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected. 4.He refused to develop projection technology, reasoning that if he made and sold projectors, then exhibitors would purchase only one machine-a projector-from him instead of several.Edison was more interested in developin

9、g a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machi

10、nes he could sell.Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.5.For example, people who believe that aggression is necessary and justified-as during wartime-are likely to act aggressively, whereas people who believe that a part

11、icular war or act of aggression is unjust, or who think that aggression is never justified, are less likely to behave aggressively.People who believe that they are fighting a just war act aggressively while those who believe that they are fighting an unjust war do not.People who believe that aggress

12、ion is necessary and justified are more likely to act aggressively than those who believe differently.People who normally do not believe that aggression is necessary and justified may act aggressively during wartime.People who believe that aggression is necessary and justified do not necessarily act

13、 aggressively during wartime.6.Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior.Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often t

14、reated them irresponsibly. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demande

15、d excellence from them.7.One potential problem is that opening the mouth to breathe detracts from the streamlining of these fishes and tends to slow them down.These fishes often have a problem opening their mouths while swimming. The streamlining of these fishes prevents them from slowing down. The

16、streamlining of these fishes tends to slow down their breathing. Opening the mouth to breathe can reduce the speed of these fishes. 8.Hills and mountains are often regarded as the epitome of permanence, successfully resisting the destructive forces of nature, but in fact they tend to be relatively s

17、hort-lived in geological terms.When they are relatively young, hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive forces of nature.Although they seem permanent, hills and mountains exist for a relatively short period of geological time.Hills and mountains successfully resist the destructive for

18、ces of nature, but only for a short time.Hills and mountains resist the destructive forces of nature better than other types of landforms.9.The Whigs were strongest in the towns, cities, and those rural areas that were fully integrated into the market economy, whereas Democrats dominated areas of se

19、misubsistence farming that were more isolated and languishing economically.Whigs were able to attract support only in the wealthiest parts of the economy because Democrats dominated in other areas.Whig and Democratic areas of influence were naturally split between urban and rural areas, respectively

20、.The semisubsistence farming areas dominated by Democrats became increasingly isolated by the Whigs control of the market economy.The Democrats power was greatest in poorer areas while the Whigs were strongest in those areas where the market was already fully operating.10.The Fore also displayed fam

21、iliar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories 【that called for basic emotional responses.】The Fores facial expressions indicated their unwillingness to pretend to be story characters.The Fore were asked to display familiar facial expressions when t

22、hey told their stories.The Fore exhibited the same relationship of facial expressions and basic emotions 【that is seen in Western culture】 when they acted out stories.The Fore were familiar with the facial expressions and basic emotions of characters in stories.11.【Although her early theatrical care

23、er had included stints as an actress,】 she was not primarily interested in storytelling or expressing emotions through dance; the drama of her dancing emanated from her visual effects.Fuller was more interested in dances visual impact than in its narrative or emotional possibilities.Fuller used visu

24、al effects to dramatize the stories and emotions expressed in her work. 强加关系Fuller believed that the drama of her dancing sprang from her emotional style of storytelling.Fullers focus on the visual effects of dance resulted from her early theatrical training as an actress.12.One explanation for gree

25、n icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion 【when blue ice is illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun】, but green icebergs stand out among white and blue icebergs 【under a great variety of light conditions】.一个对于绿色冰山的解释把它们的颜色归因为一个当蓝色的冰被接近地平线的红太阳照亮时产生的光学错觉；但绿色冰山在多种多样的光线条件下都会在白色和蓝色冰山中间凸显出来。O

26、ne explanation notes that green icebergs stand out among other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions, but this is attributed to an optical illusion.One explanation for the color of green icebergs attributes their color to an optical illusion that occurs when the light from a near-horizo

27、n red Sun shines on a blue iceberg. incompleteOne explanation for green icebergs attributes their color to a great variety of light conditions, but green icebergs stand out best among other icebergs when illuminated by a near-horizon red Sun.One explanation attributes the color of green icebergs to

28、an optical illusion under special light conditions, but green icebergs appear distinct from other icebergs under a great variety of light conditions.13.Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were unsuspected a few decades ago.Until recently, nobody real

29、ized that Earth is exposed to unpredictable violent impacts from space.In the last few decades, the risk of a random violent impact from space has increased.Since most violent events on Earth occur randomly, nobody can predict when or where they will happen.A few decades ago, Earth became the target

30、 of random violent events originating in outer space. 14.Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birds in certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey (especially hawks, falcons, and eagles) that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal

31、for wind turbines.Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill large numbers of migratory birds. Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns and therefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt

32、. Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems for migrating birds and birds of prey. Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a more ideal path for the flight of migratory birds. 15.These plants(Dandelions) are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes, 【such as along an eroding riverbank, on