老托文章PASSAGE 2040.docx

老托文章PASSAGE 2040.docx

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老托文章PASSAGE2040

PASSAGE20

（25）

Inseventeenth-centurycolonialNorthAmerica,allday-to-daycookingwasdoneinthefireplace.Generallylarge,fireplaceswereplannedforcookingaswellasforwarmth.ThoseintheNortheastwereusuallyfourorfivefeethigh,andintheSouth,theywereoftenhighenoughforapersontowalkinto.Aheavytimbercalledthemanteltreewasusedasalinteltosupportthestoneworkabovethefireplaceopening.Thistimbermightbescorchedoccasionally,butitwasfarenoughinfrontoftherisingcolumnofheattobesafefromcatchingfire.

Twoledgeswerebuiltacrossfromeachotherontheinsideofthechimney.Ontheserestedtheendsofa"lugpole"fromwhichpotsweresuspendedwhencooking.Woodfromafreshlycuttreewasusedforthelugpole,soitwouldresistheat,butithadtobereplacedfrequentlybecauseitdriedoutandcharred,andwasthusweakened.Sometimesthepolebrokeandthedinnerfellintothefire.Whenironbecameeasiertoobtain,itwasusedinsteadofwoodforlugpoles,andlaterfireplaceshadpivotingmetalrodstohangpotsfrom.

Besidethefireplaceandbuiltaspartofitwastheoven.Itwasmadelikeasmall,secondaryfireplacewithaflueleadingintothemainchimneytodrawoutsmoke.Sometimesthedooroftheovenfacedtheroom,butmostovenswerebuiltwiththeopeningfacingintothefireplace.Onbakingdays（usuallyonceortwiceaweek）aroaringfireof"ovenwood,"consistingofbrownmaplesticks,wasmaintainedintheovenuntilitswallswereextremelyhot.Theemberswerelaterremoved,breaddoughwasputintotheoven,andtheovenwassealedshutuntilthebreadwasfullybaked.

Notallbakingwasdoneinabigoven,however.Alsousedwasaniron"bakekettle,"whichlookedlikeastewpotonlegsandwhichhadanironlid.Thisissaidtohaveworkedwellwhenitwasplacedinthefireplace,surroundedbyglowingwoodembers,withmoreemberspiledonitslid.

1.WhichofthefollowingaspectsofdomesticlifeincolonialNorthAmericadoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（A）methodsofbakingbread

（B）fireplacecooking

（C）theuseofironkettlesinatypicalkitchen

（D）thetypesofwoodusedinpreparingmeals

2.TheauthormentionsthefireplacesbuiltintheSouthtoillustrate

（A）howthematerialsusedweresimilartothematerialsusedinnortheasternfireplaces

（B）thattheyserveddiversefunctions

（C）thattheywereusuallylargerthannortheasternfireplaces

（D）howtheyweresaferthannortheasternfireplaces

3.Theword"scorched"inline6isclosestinmeaningto

（A）burned

（B）cut

（C）enlarged

（D）bent

4.Theword"it"inline6refersto

（A）thestonework

（B）thefireplaceopening

（C）themanteltree

（D）therisingcolumnofheat

5.Accordingtothepassage,howwasfoodusuallycookedinapotintheseventeenthcentury?

（A）Byplacingthepotdirectlyintothefire

（B）Byputtingthepotintheoven

（C）Byfillingthepotwithhotwater

（D）Byhangingthepotonapoleoverthefire

6.Theword"obtain"inline12isclosestinmeaningto

（A）maintain

（B）reinforce

（C）manufacture

（D）acquire

7.Whichofthefollowingismentionedinparagraph2asadisadvantageofusingawoodenlugpole?

（A）Itwasmadeofwoodnotreadilyavailable.

（B）Itwasdifficulttomoveorrotate.

（C）Itoccasionallybroke.

（D）Itbecametoohottotouch.

8.Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that,comparedtootherfirewood,"ovenwood"produced

（A）lesssmoke

（B）moreheat

（C）fewerembers

（D）lowerflames

9.Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofacolonialovenEXCEPT:

（A）Itwasusedtoheatthekitcheneveryday.

（B）Itwasbuiltaspartofthemainfireplace.

（C）Thesmokeitgeneratedwentoutthroughthemainchimney.

（D）Itwasheatedwithmaplesticks.

10.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingwasanadvantageofa"bakekettle"?

（A）Itdidnottakeupalotofspaceinthefireplace.

（B）Itdidnotneedtobetightlyclosed.

（C）Itcouldbeusedinadditiontoorinsteadoftheoven.

（D）Itcouldbeusedtocookseveralfoodsatonetime.

PASSAGE21

ThesculpturallegacythatthenewUnitedStatesinheritedfromitscolonialpredecessorswasfarfromarichone,andinfact,in1776sculptureasanartformwasstillinthehandsofartisansandcraftspeople.Stonecarversengravedtheirmotifsofskullsandcrossbonesandotherreligiousiconsofdeathintothegrayslabsthatwestillseestandingtodayinoldburialgrounds.Someskilledcraftspeoplemadeintricatelycarvedwoodenornamentationsforfurnitureorarchitecturaldecorations,whileotherscavedwoodenshopsignsandships'figureheads.Althoughtheyoftenachievedexpressionandformalexcellenceintheirgenerallyprimitivestyle,theyremainedartisansskilledinthecraftofcarvingandconstitutedagroupdistinctfromwhatwenormallythinkofas"sculptors"intoday'suseoftheword.

Ontherareoccasionwhenafinepieceofsculpturewasdesired,Americansturnedtoforeignsculptors,asinthe1770'swhenthecitiesofNewYorkandCharleston,SouthCarolina,commissionedtheEnglishmanJosephWiltontomakemarblestatuesofWilliamPitt.WiltonalsomadealeadequestrianimageofKingGeorgeIIIthatwascreatedinNewYorkin1770andtorndownbyzealouspatriotssixyearslater.Afewmarblememorialswithcarvedbusts,urns,orotherdecorationswereproducedinEnglandandbroughttothecoloniestobesetinthewallsofchurches—asinKing'sChapelinBoston.Butsculptureasahighart,practicedbyartistswhoknewboththeartistictheoryoftheirRenaissance-Baroque-Rococopredecessorsandthevarioustechnicalproceduresofmodeling,casting,andcarvingrichthree-dimensionalforms,wasnotknownamongAmericansin1776.Indeed,formanyyearsthereafter,theUnitedStateshadtwogroupsfromwhichtochoose—eitherthelocalcraftspeopleortheimportedtalentofEuropeansculptors.

Theeighteenthcenturywasnotoneinwhichpoweredsculpturalconceptionsweredeveloped.Addtothisthetimiditywithwhichunschooledartisans—originallytrainedasstonemasons,carpenters,orcabinetmakers—attackedthemediumfromwhichtheysculpturemadeintheUnitedStatesinthelateeighteenthcentury.

1.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

（A）Therewasgreatdemandfortheworkofeighteenth-centuryartisans.

（B）SkilledsculptorsdidnotexistintheUnitedStatesinthe1770's.

（C）ManyforeignsculptorsworkedintheUnitedStatesafter1776.

（D）Americansculptorswerehamperedbyalackoftoolsandmaterials.

2.Theword"motifs"inline3isclosestinmeaningto

（A）tools

（B）prints

（C）signatures

（D）designs

3.Theworkofwhichofthefollowingcouldbeseeninburialgrounds?

（A）Europeansculptors

（B）Carpenters

（C）Stonecarves

（D）Cabinetmakers

4.Theword"others"inline6refersto

（A）craftspeople

（B）decorations

（C）ornamentations

（D）shopsigns

5.Theword"distinct"inline9isclosestinmeaningto

（A）separate

（B）assembled

（C）notable

（D）inferior

6.Theword"rare"inline11isclosestinmeaningto

（A）festive

（B）infrequent

（C）delightful

（D）unexpected

7.WhydoestheauthormentionJosephWiltoninline13?

（A）HewasanEnglishsculptorwhodidworkintheUnitedStates.

（B）Hewaswellknownforhiswoodcarvings

（C）Heproducedsculptureforchurches.

（D）HesettledintheUnitedStatesin1776.

8.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheimportationofmarblememorialsfromEngland?

（A）Suchsculpturewaslessexpensivetoproducelocallythantoimport

（B）SuchsculpturewasnotavailableintheUnitedStates.

（C）Suchsculpturewasasprestigiousasthosemadelocally.

（D）Thematerialsfoundabroadweresuperior.

9.HowdidtheworkofAmericancarversin1776differfromthatofcontemporarysculptors?

（A）Itwaslesstime-consuming

（B）Itwasmoredangerous.

（C）Itwasmoreexpensive.

（D）Itwaslessrefined.

PASSAGE22

Throughoutthenineteenthcenturyandintothetwentieth,citizensoftheUnitedStatesmaintainedabiasagainstbigcities.Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption,crime,poverty,andmoraldegradation.Theirdistrustwascaused,inpart,byanationalideologythatproclaimedfarmingthegreatestoccupationandrurallivingsuperiortourbanliving.Thisattitudeprevailedevenasthenumberofurbandwellersincreasedandcitiesbecameanessentialfeatureofthenationallandscape.Gradually,economicrealityovercameideology.Thousandsabandonedtheprecariouslifeonthefarmformoresecureandbetterpayingjobsinthecity.Butwhenthesepeoplemigratedfromthecountryside,theycarriedtheirfearsandsuspiciouswiththem.Thesenewurbanities,alreadyconvincedthatcitieswereoverwhelmedwithgreatproblems,eagerlyembracedtheprogressivereformsthatpromisedtobringorderoutofthechaosofthecity.

Oneofmanyreformscameintheareaofpublicutilities.Waterandseweragesystemswereusuallyoperatedbymunicipalgovernments,butthegasandelectricnetworkswereprivatelyowned.Reformersfearedthattheprivatelyownedutilitycompanieswouldchargeexorbitantratesfortheseessentialservicesanddeliverthemonlytopeoplewhocouldaffordthem.Somecityandstategovernmentsrespondedbyregulatingtheutilitycompanies,butanumberofcitiesbegantosupplytheseservicesthemselves.Proponentsofthesereformsarguedthatpublicownershipandregulationwouldinsurewidespreadaccesstotheseutilitiesandguaranteeafairprice.

Whilesomereformsfocusedongovernmentandpublicbehavior,otherslookedatthecitiesasawhole.Civicleaders,convincedthatphysicalenvironmentinfluencedhumanbehavior,arguedthatciti