考研英语语法之非谓语动词.docx
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考研英语语法之非谓语动词
非谓语动词
非谓语动词是指那些在剧中不能单独充当句子位于成分的动词形式。
基本形式有四种：
不定式（infinitive）、动名词（gerund）、分词（participle）、和独立主格结构（absolutestructure）。
一、不定式
动词不定式是非谓语动词中使用最广泛的一种，在句子中，它除了做谓语外，可以担当其他任何成分，可以做主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语。
它在句中其名词、形容词和副词的作用。
语态
一般式
（尚未发生）
进行式
（正在发生）
完成式
（先于谓语动词发生）
主动
todo
tobedoing
tohavedone
被动
tobedone
tobebeingdone
tohavebeendone
举例：
Itisn’tcoldenoughfortheretobeafrosttonight,soIcanleaveJim’scaroutquitesafely.
Heseemstobeeatingsomething.
Accordingtoyourmarketreport,demandseemstobereturning.
Thelocalhealthorganizationisreportedtohavebeensetuptwenty-fiveyearsagowhenDr.Audiobecameitsfirstpresident.
不定式的语法功能：
1）作主语
Thetraditionalrulewasthatit’ssafer（tostaywhereyouare）,butthat’sbeenfundamentallyinverted.Thepeoplewho’vebeenhurttheworstarethosewho’vestayedtoolong.
2）作宾语
Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplates（patterns）intowhichtheyplugeachday’sevents.
Hefeelsithisdutytohelpothers.
3）作表语
Butalmostallhaveignoredthebig,profitableopportunityintheirownbackyard:
thewholesalefoodanddrinktrade,whichappearstobejustthekindofmarketretailersneed.
4）作定语
Tommadethedecisiontogoaroundtheworldinthreeyearsallalone.
Shehastheambitiontolearnotherlanguages.
ThepressuretocompetecausesAmericanstobeenergetic,butitalsoputsthemunderaconstantemotionalstrain.
5）作状语
Asadthingaboutlifeiswhenyoumeetsomeoneandfallinlove,onlytofindoutintheendthatyouhavewastedyearsonsomeonewhowasn’tworthit.
6）作补语
Themanwasseentofallheavilytothegroundandnevergetupagain.
注：
使役动词如make、let、have等以及感官动词hear、see、feel、watch、notice等之后所加的不定式要省略to，但是在被动语态中不可省略。
例如我们说seesbplayontheground，但被动态中我们说sbisseentoplayontheground。
不带to的动词不定式
1.在do…but/except结构中，当but或except前有实义动词do的某种形式时，后接不带to的动词不定式。
Thetrainislate,andIcandonothingbutwait.
比较：
TherewassoseriousamatterthatIhadnochoicebuttocallinthepolice.
2.在hadbetter,wouldrather/sooner…than…,rather…than,wouldjustassoon,mightjustaswell,cannot（help）but…等之后都必须接动词原形。
Tomcannotbutaskhissupervisortohelphimsolvethedifficultyhehasencounteredindoingtheproject.
3.在dofarmorethan后面不定式省略to。
Inthecourseofadaystudentsdofarmorethanjustattendclasses.
4.在感官动词或使役动词，如hear,listento,feel,see,lookat,watch,notice,observe,perceive,let,make,bid,have,note,leave等之后，不定式作宾语补足语时不带to。
Shefeltsomeonepatheronthehead.
for+名（代）词+不定式
It’sjustinconceivableforachildtodothatjob.
Thatisforyoutodecide.
It’stimeforustogo.
Hestoodasideforhertopass.
不定式的完成式：
1.不定式的一般式todo不能表示发生在谓语动词之前的动作，若要表达此意，需用tohavedone
AlbertEinstein,thegreatAmericanscientist,isestimatedtohavehadtheincredibleIQof200.
2.表示非真实的过去，本打算做但实际上没有实现的动作，如mean,intend,think,plan,hope,wish,purpose,would/shouldlike,was/were等。
Imeanttohavetelephoned,butIforgot.
Iplannedtohavevisitedyoulastnight,butIwastoobusy.
Iwastohavevisitedyoulastnight.
Iwastohavetelephoned,butIforgot.
二、动名词
语态
一般式
进行式
主动
doing
beingdone
被动
havingdone
havingbeendone
举例：
Workingwithapersonalsearchagentmeanshavinganothersetofeyeslookingoutforyou.
ThereisnosignthatMr.Jospin,whokeepsafirmcontrolonthepartydespitehavingresignedfromleadershipofit,wouldintervenepersonally.
以主动态表被动义：
deserve,need,require,want,bear,take（需要）,stand（忍受）,worth等。
Themethoddeservesrecommending.
Yourhairneedscutting.
Thatnovelisnotworthreading.
动名词的语法功能：
1）作主语
Homeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder–kitchenrage.
2）做宾语
Thetrendinsports,though,maybeobscuringanunrecognizedreality:
Americanshavegenerallystoppedgrowing.
3）作表语
Thehighcostofrawmaterialsiskeepingpricesup.
Wastingtimeisrobbingoneself.
4）作定语
Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructures,andmayreporttheirfindingssoon.
动名词的复合结构：
名词属格或物主代词+动名词
Sophia’shavingseenthemdidnotsurpriseus.
It’snouseyourtryingtodeceiveme.
Ican’tbearhisstayingupsolate.
Excusemyinterruptingyou.
三、分词
现在分词：
动词原形+ing
过去分词：
动词原形+ed
Buildingonthebasictruthaboutinterpersonalinfluence,theresearchersstudiedthedynamicsofsocialinfluence（byconductingthousandsofcomputersimulationsofpopulations）,manipulatinganumberofvariablesrelatingto（people’sabilitytoinfluenceothersandtheirtendencytobeinfluenced）.
现在分词与过去分词区别
从语态角度讲，现在分词表主动，过去分词表被动
1.Whathesaidwasverytouching.
2.Iwastouchedbythesight.
从时态角度讲：
现在分词表动作正在进行，过去分词表动作的完成。
1.fallingleaves,fallenleaves
2.therisingsun,therisensun
3.developingcountries,developedcountries
现在分词与动名词的区别：
1）现在分词是动词的一种非限定形式，主要起形容词和副词的作用，在句子中做定语、表语、状语，有时也用在复合结构中。
Thisisanamusingstory.
Thebookisinteresting.
Thestudentscameintotheclassroom,laughingandtalking.
Iheardhimsingingintheroomlastnight.
2）动名词也是动词的另一种非限定形式，顾名思义，它既源于动词，又具有名词的功能，因此它在句子中起名词的作用，可单独或以动名词短语的形式做主语、宾语、定语、表语。
Learningaforeignlanguagewellisnoeasyjob.
Myfavoritesportisskating.
Haveyoufinishedcorrectingthestudents’paper
Wehadbetterputoffdiscussingittillnextweek.
当现在分词和动名词充当不同的功能时，很容易区分：
1.Mymothergoesshoppingeveryday.
2.Mymotherdoesshoppingeveryday.
3.BeingaqualifiedmiddleschoolEnglishteacherisnoteasy.
4.Beingacollegestudent,Imuststudyhard.
当现在分词和动名词充当相同的功能时，例如表语和定语，区别就比较困难：
5.Thesituationisencouraging.
6.Readingislearning.
现在分词多表示主语或逻辑主语的具体特征或行为，动名词则表示抽象的、一般的行为。
7.aleadingcomrade定语=acomradewholeads
8.aswimmingpool定语=apoolusedforswimming
现在分词多表示所修饰对象的动作，它与被它修饰的名词倒过来是主谓结构，而动名词则表示所修饰词的用途，和所修饰的词逻辑上没有主谓关系。
9.asleepingbaby=ababywhoissleeping
10.asleepingcar=acarusedforsleeping
又如：
dininghall,teachingfacilities
分词的语法功能
1）做定语
Blueskiesarenotalwaysaguaranteeofcontinuingfineweather.
AdamandEvewereinducedtoeattheForbiddenFruitbySatan.
Amangettingupassoonasthecockcrowsisahard-workingman.
MostofthepeopleinvitedtothepartywerefamousscientistsfromSouthAfrica.
2）做状语
Whileplayingthepiano,shegotveryexcited.
Notrecognizingthevoice,herefusedtogivethepersonhisaddress.
Eventhoughdefeatedagain,thescientistsdidn’tgiveup.
Thesuitcasewaslocked,lefttoTom.
Hehurriedtothehall,followedbytwoguards.
Seenfromthespaceship,theearthisablueplanet.
3）作表语
Travellingisinterestingbuttiring.
Thepupilswillgetconfusediftheyaremadetolearntoomuch.
4）做宾补
Theparentscanheartheirdaughtersinging.
Ididn’tmakemyselfheardbecausealotofpeoplecriedinthehall.
练习：
Beinginterestedintherelationshipoflanguageandthought,Whorfdevelopedtheideathatthestructureoflanguagedeterminesthestructureofhabitualthoughtinasociety.
TheprocesssweepsfromhyperactiveAmericatoEuropeandreachestheemergingcountrieswithunsurpassedmight.
Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryos（theearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforebirth）forresearchortoknowinglyendangeranembryo’slife,NBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch.
四、独立主格结构
独立主格是一种书面文体的状语表达形式。
1.像一个句子，有自己的主语，却没有完整、独立的谓语，但与变了形的谓语形式在逻辑上构成主谓或主系关系；
2.在形式上与主句没关系，常用逗号与主句隔开（不绝对）；
3.在功能上相当于一个带有自己主语的非限制性状语从句，但没有连词的引导。
举例：
Weatherpermitting,wearegoingtovisityoutomorrow.
Themeetinggoneover,everyonewantedtogohomeearlier.
Theywillsendyouthebookfor﹩10,postageincluded.
Forasmallgroupofstudents,professionaltrainingmightbethewaytogosincewelldevelopedskills,allotherfactorsbeingequal,canbethedifferencebetweenhavingajobornot.Theplanwasthatthecontendingpartiesshouldreachanearlyagreementonbasicprinciples,thedetailstobeworkedoutlater.
独立主格生成法：
1.有be动词去掉be动词
2.无be动词，加-ing
Jimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground.Hisfacewascoveredwithtears.
→Jimmywalkedslowlytotheplayground,hisfacecoveredwithtears.
Thetaxispedaway.Itslightsdisappearedintodistance.
→Thetaxispedaway,itslightsdisappearingintodistance.
特殊：
以下三种情况不能去掉be动词，而要变成being
1.独立主格的逻辑主语为代词时：
ItwasSunday.Wewenttochurch.
→ItbeingSunday,wewenttochurch.
2.Therebe句型中：
Therewasnobus.Wehadtogohomeonfoot.
→Therebeingnobus,wehadtogohomeonfoot.
3.表示正在被做
Thedinnerisbeingcooked.Wehavetowaitforawhile.
→Thedinnerbeingcooked,wehavetowaitforawhile.
独立主格结构基本形式
名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词
Thetestfinished,ourholidaybegan.
名词/代词+形容词
Hecameintotheroom,hisearsredwithcold.
名词/代词+副词
Classover,allstudentswenttoplayontheplayground.
名词/代词+不定式
Moretimetobegiven,wewillmakefulluseofit,
名词/代词+介词短语
Themurderergotintothehouse,aknifeinhishand.
Thegrandmediocrityoftoday–everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring–meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middleclassIndiacomparedtothetribes.
Otherthingsequal,amanwhoexpresseshimselfeffectivelyissuretosucceedmorerapidlythanamanwhosecommandoflanguageispoor.
with/without的复合结构做独立主格
（独立主格作伴随状语时，可用with的复合结构，也可不用）
1.with+名词/代词+形容词/方位副词（做宾补）
Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.
2.with+名词/代词+介词短语（做宾补）
Acarefulbalancehastobestruck:
ifyoushowalabor-savingdevice,f
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