泛读讲义.docx

泛读讲义.docx

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泛读讲义

HandoutofExtensiveReading----Book3

ZhouJuan

Unit1InventedWords

ⅠWarming-upexercises

1.Whatisword?

Givesomeexamples.

Wordisaunitofexpressionthatnativespeakersmayrecognizebyintuition,whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform.（Examplesareomitted.）

2.Whatistheclassificationofwords?

Givesomeexamples.

（1）Variablewordsandinvariablewords

Variablewords,theymayhaveinflectivechanges,thatis,thesamewordmayhavedifferentgrammaticalformsbutpartofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant.Examples:

follow（follows,following,followed）.

Invariablewordsrefertothosewordssuchassince,when,seldom,through,hello.Theydonothaveinflectiveendings.

（2）Grammaticalwords/Functionwordsandlexicalwords/Contentwords

Grammaticalwords/Functionwordsmainlyworkforconstructinggroup,phrase,clause,clausecomplex,oreventextaregrammaticalwords,suchas,conjunctions,prepositions,articles,andpronouns.

Lexicalwords/Contentwordsmainlyworkforreferringtosubstance,actionandquality,suchasnouns,verbs,adjectives,andadverbs.（Examplesareomitted.）

（3）Closed-classwordsandopen-classwords

Awordthatbelongstotheclosed-classisonewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited,suchaspronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,andothers.Onecannoteasilyaddordeduceanewmember.

Theopen-classisonewhosemembershipisinprincipleinfiniteorunlimited.Whennewideas,inventions,ordiscoveriesemerge,newmembersarecontinuallyandconstantlybeingaddedtothelexicon.Nouns,verbs,adjectivesandmanyadverbsareallopen-classitems.（Examplesareomitted.）

（4）Wordclass

Itisclosetothenotionofpartsofspeech:

noun,pronoun,adjective,verb,adverb,preposition,conjunction,interjection,article,particle,auxiliary,anddeterminer（e.g.the,a,an,some,all,both,half）.

3.Whataredifferentwaysofwordformation?

Givesomeexamples.

（1）Affixation

a.Prefixation:

unmask,impossible,unfair,illegal,irregular,non-smoker,dislike,inappropriate,misunderstand,maltreat;post-war,Microsoft,television,,befriend,enable,international.

b.Suffixation:

development,likelihood,socialism,revival,education,actor,writer,addressee,kindness;foolish,envious,thankful,imaginable,simplify,modernize,widen.

（2）Compounding

Mortgageslvave（n+n,房奴）,sunrise（n+v）,pickpocket（v+n）,icy-cold（adj+adj）,blackboard（adj+n）.

（3）Clipping

Van（advantage）,flu（influenza）,vegetables（veggies）,mike（microphone）,coke（cocacola）.

（4）Back-formation

Laze（fromlazy）,auth（fromauthor）,beg（frombeggar）,edit（fromeditor）.

（5）Acronym

Laser（lightwaveamplificationbystimulatedemissionofradiation）

（6）Initialism

Vip（veryimportantperson）

（7）Conversion

Desire（v,n）,straight（adj,adv）.

ⅡRelatedinformation:

HistoryofEnglish

1.ChurchLatin:

WhiletheAnglo-SaxonswereestablishingtheirpowerinEnglandandmakingtheirlanguagethemainlanguageofthecountry,theRomanEmpirewassinkingdeeperanddeeperintotrouble.ByA.D.476thewesternempirehadceasedtoexist.AndsincetheGermanicpeoplehavenointerestinpreservingRomanculture,itjustdied.TheChurchwasallthatwasleftofRomancivilization.ButLatinsurvivedasthelanguageofchurchandthewealthy,educatedclass,andwastohaveaprofoundeffectonthedevelopmentofsouthernEuropeandEngland.

2.MiddleEnglish:

GerffreyChaucerwasbornsomehundredyearsafterthelastwaroftheCrusades（1095-1291）,intheearlypartofRenaissancewhileShakespearewasborninthelastpartofRenaissance.Duringthelifetimeofthesetwogreatwriters,theEnglishlanguagewassortingitselfoutfromthechaosofMiddleEnglish.BythetimeofShakespeare’sdeathin1616,ourhistoryandlanguagehadenteredthemodernperiod.

ⅢTextComprehension

4/5wordsAnglo-Saxon,GermanicandFrench                  

600000words              

borrowedwords

1/5words    wordsfromnamesof placesorpeoples

otherwordsimitativewords

inventedwords

Ⅳ   ComprehensionQuestions

1.Whydopeopleusegobbledygook?

Whenpeopletalkorwriteusingling,fancywordsthatreallymeannothing,wecallitgobbledygook.Unfortunately,manypeopleusegobbdygookbecausetheywanttoseemmoreimportantthantheyare,orbecausetheydon’treallywantpeopletounderstandwhattheymeanorwhattheyaredoing.

2.What’sHumptyDumpty’sopinionregardingthemeaningofaword?

Doyouagree?

Whyorwhynot?

Dumptyinsistswordscanmeanwhateverhewantsthemtomean.Aliceinsiststhatthisisimpossible.Ifeveryonedidthatnoonewouldunderstandanyoneelse. 

3.Whatmakeamasteroflanguage?

CanyounamesomemasterofEnglishlanguage?

Amasteroflanguageknowswhatwordsreallymean,andwheretheycomefrom;knowswhentousebig,importantonesandwhentousetheshorter,equallyimportantsimpleones.ChurchillwasagreatBritishprimeminister.Hewasalsoagreatwriter,trulyamasteroflanguage.Hesaidonce,“Shortwordsarebest,andoldwordswhentheyareshort,arebestofall.”

ⅤReadingSkill:

NewspaperHeadline

Newspaper,alongwithreportingthenews,instructs,entertain,andgiveopinions.ANewspaperhasseparatesections:

worldnews,nationalandlocalnews,sports,business,entertainment,opinions,comics,classifiedads,etc.

Youcanbeabetterreader,ifyouknowwhattoexpectinanewspaper.Forexample,whenyoureadanewspaperyouusuallylookquicklyatheadlinesfirst.Newspaperheadlineshavealanguageoftheirownanditisnecessarytolearnaboutit.

◆     Twotypesofheadline

Therearetwotypesofheadlines.MostnewsstoriesintheBangkokPostusesentenceheadlinesalthoughtheymaybeshortenedbyomittingcertainwordsasyouwillseelater.Manyfeaturestoriesandsomeveryshortnewsstoriesusephraseheadlinesortitleswhichleaveouttheverb.Herearesomeexamplesofboth:

1. Sentenceheadlines

Policerescue12diversaslaunchsinksoffPhi

Penmanufacturersstillseegoodfutureforluxurypens

2. Phraseheadlines

Gettingintouchwiththespirits

Heroismandcowardiceatthe“TopoftheWorld”

Rewardfortracingsuspect

3.Thegrammarofsentenceheadlines

AlmostallsentenceheadlinesintheBangkokPostusethepresenttense—despitethefactthattheygenerallydescribepastevents.Thepresenttensegivesthesubjectasenseoffreshnessandimmediacy,makingitmoreinterestingtoread.

Headlinespackagreatdealofinformationintoalimitedspace,soitisnotsurprisingthatBangkokPostheadlinewritersuseseveralmethodstoconservespace.Oneobviousexampleistouseabbreviations（“PM”for“PrimeMinister”,etc.）.Buttheyalsouseaspecialgrammar,omittingarticles（“a”and“the”）andtheverb“tobe”whereverpossible.

 Cooperationagreementsigned

（Acooperationagreementissigned）

Australianex-judgeswornintorepresentUKqueen

（AnAustralianex-judgeisswornintorepresenttheUnitedKingdomqueen）

 Besuretonoticethattheomissionoftheverb“tobe”canmaketheheadlineappeartobeinthepasttensewhenitisactuallypresenttense,passivevoice.

ⅥHomework

1.Findyourownexamplesofeachkindsofthementionstypeofwords.

2.Finishtheexercisesbehindthetext.

3.Homereading:

HistoryofEnglish

4.PreviewUnit2

ObjectivesofUnit1:

1.KnowingthehistoryofEnglishvocabulary.

2.UnderstandingthecompositionofEnglishvocabulary

3.Learningreadingskill:

newspaperheadlines

Timearrangement

1.Text:

2hours

2.Discussion:

0.5hour

3.ReadingSkill:

1hour

KeyWords

1.imitativewords:

onomatopoeia,referringtothewordsthatsoundlikethethingoractiontheystandfor.

2.compoundwords:

wordsmadeupoftwoindependentwords.

3.root,suffix,prefix