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外文翻译

EffectofSedimentationPeriodonPerformanceofRiceTransplanter

A.K.Goel,D.BeheraandS.Swain

DepartmentofFarmMachineryandPower,CollegeofAgriculturalEngineering&

Technology,OUAT,Bhubaneswar-751003,India.

Email:

aswinigoel@

ABSTRACT

ThreetransplantersnamelyOUAT,CRRIandYanjiricetransplanterwereevaluatedinsandyloamsoilconditionswithfourlevelsofsedimentationperiodi.e.24,32,48and56hours.Transplanterswereevaluatedwithrespecttofloatsinkage,draft,depthofplanting,floatinghills,mechanicaldamage,buriedhills,missinghillsandhillsmortalityandthedatawereanalyzedinaccordancewithsplitplotdesignofexperiments.Itwasfoundthat32hoursofsedimentationperiodwassuitableforoperationofmanualtransplanterwhilethesamewas56hoursforYanjitransplanter

Keywords:

Sedimentation,transplanter,floatsinkage,plantingdepth,floatinghills,buriedhills,missinghills,hillmortality,India

1.INTRODUCTION

Rice（Oryzasativa）isoneofthemajorcerealcropcultivatedinmorethan110countriesintheworldwithatotalproductionof527milliontonnesoutofwhich78%iscontributedbymajorricegrowingcountriesofAsia.Indiaisthelargestgrowerofriceintheworldintermsofareaof44.97millionhectareswithanannualproductionof89.4milliontonnesatanaverageyieldof1990kg./ha（Anon,1999）.However,itrankssecondtoChinaintermsofproduction.

Riceisgrowneitherbydirectseedingi.e.broadcasting,drillingandsowingorbytransplanting.Manycomparativestudieshavebeenconductedbetweentransplantinganddirectseeding.InIndia,itwasobservedthathigherandmorestableyieldwasobtainedfromtransplantedricethandirectseededrice.InmostprovincesofIndia,transplantedriceyielded10to20%higherthanbroadcastrice（Garg,etal,1997）.Besides,transplantinghassomeaddedadvantagesascomparedtodirectseedingi.e.betterwaterandweedcontrol,uniformripeningandlesslodging.Alsothetransplantedfieldoccupiesthefieldlessertimethanthe

directseededriceandfacilitatesthecontrolofweedseffectively.InOrissa,itisobservedthattheyieldincreasesby22.2%overthedirectseedingmethods.ItisfoundthatinOrissa2.24millionhectaresisunderbroadcastingwhereas1.64millionhectaresisonlyundertransplanting.Thismaybeduetovaryingsocio-economicconditionofthepeople,nonavailabilityoflabourinpeaktransplantingseasonsandnon-availabilityofsuitabletransplantingmachines.Timelinessoftransplantingisessentialforoptimizingtheyieldandthiscanonlybeachievedthroughmechanicaltransplanting.Adelayintransplantingbyone

monthreducestheyieldby25%andadelayoftwomonthsreducestheyieldby70%（RaoandPradhan,1973）.Manualtransplantingofpaddyrequiresabout300-350man-hoursperha.Inspiteofhugelabourrequirement,plant-to-plantandrow-to-rowspacingarenotachievedandhencemechanicalweedingisnotpossible.Optimizingplantdensityandtimelinessofoperationinpaddyisconsideredessentialforoptimizingpaddyyieldwhichmaybepossibleifdependenceonhiredlabourisminimized（Chaudhuryetal.2005）.Soitishightimeformechanizingthetransplantingoperation.Mechanicaltransplantingneedsasuitabletransplanterandperformanceofthetransplanterdependsonnurserymatsandsedimentationperiod.Tomaintainproperdensityofseedlings,onenurseryraisingdevicehasbeendevelopedatGBPUA&T,Pantnagarwhichsavesabout33.33percentlabourand72.02

percenttimeovermanualmatraisingmethod（SharmaandSingh,2004）.Fortheoperationofpaddytransplanter,thesoilflowcausedbysinkageisthemostcriticalfactoraffectingtheperformanceoftransplanter.Thus,ifthedesirablesinkageatwhichaparticulartransplanterworkeffectivelyisknown,operatorcantakequickdecisionregardingmachineoperationatanytime（Gargetal.2000）.Theobjectiveofthispresentstudyistooptimizethesedimentationperiodforproperfunctioningoftheselectedthreericetransplantersforsandyloamsoil.

2.MATERIALSANDMETHODS

ThetechnicalspecificationofthethreetransplantersnamelyOUATtransplanter（T1）,CRRItransplanter（T2）andYanjitransplanters（T3）usedfortheevaluationarepresentedinTable1.Table1.Technicalspecificationofdifferenttransplantersusedintheexperiment

SlSpecification

No

OUAT

transplanter

CRRI

transplanter

Yanjitransplanter

Typeofmachine

Manual

Manual

Poweroperated2.4kWaircooled

dieselengine

Manufacturers

address

Kalinga

Engineers,

Bhubaneswar

CRRI,

Cuttack

YanjiRicetransplanterplant,

peoplesRepublicofChina

Model

Ajit

2ZT-238-8

Overalldimensions,cm

Length

Width

Height

130.0

94.5

62.5

127.0

117.0

62.0

241.0

213.1

130.0

Weight,kg

28.5

22.5

320

Typeoffloat

Modulated

plastic

GIsheet

Fiberglass

No.ofrows

4

4

8

Rowspacing,cm

20

24

23.8

Finger

Type

Length,mm

Width,mm

Gap,mm

Fixedfork

140

11

5

Fixedfork

120

17

11

Fixedfork

130

10

5

Widthofseedlinggate,mm

20

14

17

2.1NurseryPreparation

Mattypenurserywasraisedonafieldadjacenttotheexperimentalplotinordertominimizethetransportationtime.ThefieldpreparationwassimilartothatofconventionalnurseryraisingandwasploughedthricebyBoseploughandleveledbyplanking.Thefieldwasleftassuchforonedayandthenwaterwasdrainedoutfromthefieldandpolythenesheetof50to60gaugeof1.0mx6.0meachwasspreadovertheleveledfieldkeeping50cmgapbetweeneachbed.Polythenesheetattherateof60m2/hai.e.10numbersofsuchpolythenesheetwasusedforpreparationofnurseryperhectareoftransplanting.Thensmallholesweremadeonthepolythenesheetandaprefabricatedwoodenframeofsize2.0mx1.0mx2.0cmwasplacedoverthesheet.Puddledsoilwasfilledinsidetheframefrombothsidesofthe

bedinsuchawaythatthesoilwasfreefromanystone,stubbleandgrass.Thesoilintheframewasthenleveledwiththehelpofawoodenbar.Thereafterframewasremovedforfurtheruseinmatraisingandthesameprocedurewasfollowed.SproutedseedsofSwarnavarietyattheseedrateof45kg/hawerespreaduniformlyoverthemat.Toprotecttheseedsfromthebirds,thematswerecoveredwithstraw.Waterwassprinkledtwiceadaybyrosecaneuntiltherewascompleteemergenceofseedlings.After4thdaythestrawwasremovedfromthematsandwaterwasappliedbyfloodingandstandingwaterinthematswasmaintainedasinthecaseofconventionalnursery.Transplantingwasdonebyusing20daysoldseedlings.

2.2FieldPreparation

Thefieldwaspreparedwithtractor-operatedrotarytiller.Afterfirstrotatilling,thefieldwasfloodedwithwaterandkeptassuchfor7daysandthensecondrotatillingwasdoneon8thdayandthefieldwasleveledbyaplank.Thefieldwasthendividedandsub-dividedaspertheexperimentaldesign.Thedataobtainedwereanalyzedusingsplitplotdesignofexperiments.

2.3Transplanting

TransplantingwasdonebyOUATricetransplanter,CRRIricetransplanterandselfpropelledYanjiricetransplanteratdifferentsedimentationperiodof24,32,48and56hours.HilltohillspacinginYanjiricetransplanterwassetat12cmanddepthwassetat3.0cmforentireexperimentandformanuallyoperatedtransplanters（OUATandCRRI）carewastakentomaintain10to12cmhill-to-hillspacing.Thematnurserywascutasperthetraysizeoftherespectivetransplanter.

2.4DesignofExperiments

Theexperimentswereconductedusingsplit-plotdesign.Themain-plotswerethreedifferenttransplantersnamelyOUATtransplanter（T1）,CRRItransplanter（T2）andYanjitransplanter（T3）whilethesub-plotswerethesedimentationperiodsuchas24,32,48and56hours.Eachtreatmentwasreplicatedthrice.

3.RESULTSANDDISCUSSION

TheperformanceoftheselectedthreetransplanterswithrespecttovarioussedimentationperiodsarepresentedinFigure1to8.TheANOVAofthedependantparametersarepresentedinTable2and3.

3.1FloatSinkage

Theaveragefloatsinkagewasobservedtovarybetween0.44to2.42cmforOUAT

transplanter（T1）,0.49to2.58cmforCRRItransplanter（T2）and0.98to4.65cmforYanjitransplanter（T3）underthesedimentationperiodrangingfrom24to56hoursasshowninFigure1.Theresultsindicatedthatasthesedimentationperiodincreased,thefloatsinkagedecreasedforallthetransplantersunderstudy.ThefloatsinkagedecreasedsharplyforT1andT2asthesedimentationperiodincreasedfrom24to32hoursbutitshowedagradualdecreaseunderT3.Whensedimentationperiodincreasedfrom32to48hours,floatsinkagedecreasedgraduallyforT1andT2butitdecreasedsharplyforT3.Thefloatsinkagevaluesdidnotchangeappreciablyforthesedimentationperiodfrom48to56hours.Thereasonof

highersinkageatalowersedimentationperiod（24hours）maybeduetopartialsettlementofsoilparticlesandlooseconditionofsoilwhileagradualdecreaseatahighersedimentationperiodisduetoincreaseinhardnessofsoilsurface.Thishardnessofsoilcouldsustainthefloatpressureofthetransplantersresultinginlowersinkage.TransplanterT3showedahighersinkagethanothertransplantersforallthesedimentationperiodandthismaybeduetoitshigherfloatcontactpressureof16.42g/cm2At32hourssedimentationperiod,thesinkageof

floatwasfoundtobewithin1to2cmforT1andT2whilethesamevalueswereobservedat48hoursforT3.StudieswithricetransplantersconductedatPunjabAgriculturalUniversity（PAU）,Ludhianaindicatedthattransplant