外文翻译.docx

1、外文翻译 Effect of Sedimentation Period on Performance of Rice Transplanter A. K. Goel, D. Behera and S. Swain Department of Farm Machinery and Power, College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, OUAT, Bhubaneswar-751003, India. Email: aswinigoel ABSTRACT Three transplanters namely OUAT, CRRI and Y

2、anji rice transplanter were evaluated in sandy loam soil conditions with four levels of sedimentation period i.e. 24, 32, 48 and 56 hours. Transplanters were evaluated with respect to float sinkage, draft, depth of planting, floating hills, mechanical damage, buried hills, missing hills and hills mo

3、rtality and the data were analyzed in accordance with split plot design of experiments. It was found that 32 hours of sedimentation period was suitable for operation of manual transplanter while the same was 56 hours for Yanji transplanterKeywords:Sedimentation, transplanter, float sinkage, planting

4、 depth, floating hills,buried hills, missing hills, hill mortality, India 1. INTRODUCTION Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the major cereal crop cultivated in more than 110 countries in the world with a total production of 527 million tonnes out of which 78% is contributed by major rice growing countri

5、es of Asia. India is the largest grower of rice in the world in terms of area of 44.97 million hectares with an annual production of 89.4 million tonnes at an average yield of 1990 kg./ha (Anon, 1999). However, it ranks second to China in terms of production. Rice is grown either by direct seeding i

6、.e. broadcasting, drilling and sowing or by transplanting. Many comparative studies have been conducted between transplanting and direct seeding. In India, it was observed that higher and more stable yield was obtained from transplanted rice than direct seeded rice. In most provinces of India, trans

7、planted rice yielded 10 to 20 % higher than broadcast rice (Garg, et al, 1997). Besides, transplanting has some added advantages as compared to direct seeding i.e. better water and weed control, uniform ripening and less lodging. Also the transplanted field occupies the field lesser time than the di

8、rect seeded rice and facilitates the control of weeds effectively. In Orissa, it is observed that the yield increases by 22.2% over the direct seeding methods. It is found that in Orissa 2.24 million hectares is under broadcasting whereas 1.64 million hectares is only under transplanting. This may b

9、e due to varying socio-economic condition of the people, nonavailability of labour in peak transplanting seasons and non-availability of suitable transplanting machines. Timeliness of transplanting is essential for optimizing the yield and this can only be achieved through mechanical transplanting.

10、A delay in transplanting by one month reduces the yield by 25% and a delay of two months reduces the yield by 70% (Rao and Pradhan, 1973). Manual transplanting of paddy requires about 300-350 man-hours per ha. In spite of huge labour requirement, plant-to-plant and row-to-row spacing are not achieve

11、d and hence mechanical weeding is not possible. Optimizing plant density and timeliness of operation in paddy is considered essential for optimizing paddy yield which may be possible if dependence on hired labour is minimized (Chaudhury et al. 2005). So it is high time for mechanizing the transplant

12、ing operation. Mechanical transplanting needs a suitable transplanter and performance of the transplanter depends on nursery mats and sedimentation period. To maintain proper density of seedlings, one nursery raising device has been developed at GBPUA&T, Pantnagar which saves about 33.33 per cent la

13、bour and 72.02 per cent time over manual mat raising method (Sharma and Singh, 2004). For the operation of paddy transplanter, the soil flow caused by sinkage is the most critical factor affecting the performance of transplanter. Thus, if the desirable sinkage at which a particular transplanter work

14、 effectively is known, operator can take quick decision regarding machine operation at any time (Garg et al. 2000). The objective of this present study is to optimize the sedimentation period for proper functioning of the selected three rice transplanters for sandy loam soil. 2. MATERIALS AND METHOD

15、S The technical specification of the three transplanters namely OUAT transplanter (T1), CRRI transplanter (T2) and Yanji transplanters (T3) used for the evaluation are presented in Table 1.Table 1. Technical specification of different transplanters used in the experimentSl SpecificationNo OUAT trans

16、planterCRRI transplanterYanji transplanterType of machineManualManualPower operated 2.4 kW air cooled diesel engine ManufacturersaddressKalinga Engineers, BhubaneswarCRRI, CuttackYanji Rice transplanter plant, peoples Republic of China ModelAjit2ZT-238-8Overalldimensions,cm Length Width Height 130.0

17、 94.5 62.5 127.0 117.0 62.0 241.0 213.1 130.0Weight, kg28.522.5320Type of floatModulatedplastic GIsheet Fiber glassNo. of rows448Row spacing, cm 202423.8Finger Type Length, mm Width, mm Gap, mm Fixed fork 140 11 5Fixed fork 120 17 11Fixed fork 130 10 5Width of seedling gate, mm2014172.1 Nursery Prep

18、arationMat type nursery was raised on a field adjacent to the experimental plot in order to minimize the transportation time. The field preparation was similar to that of conventional nursery raising and was ploughed thrice by Bose plough and leveled by planking. The field was left as such for one d

19、ay and then water was drained out from the field and polythene sheet of 50 to 60 gauge of 1.0 m x 6.0 m each was spread over the leveled field keeping 50 cm gap between each bed. Polythene sheet at the rate of 60 m2/ ha i.e. 10 numbers of such polythene sheet was used for preparation of nursery per

20、hectare of transplanting. Then small holes were made on the polythene sheet and a prefabricated wooden frame of size 2.0 m x 1.0 m x 2.0 cm was placed over the sheet. Puddled soil was filled inside the frame from both sides of the bed in such a way that the soil was free from any stone, stubble and

21、grass. The soil in the frame was then leveled with the help of a wooden bar. Thereafter frame was removed for further use in mat raising and the same procedure was followed. Sprouted seeds of Swarna variety at the seed rate of 45 kg/ha were spread uniformly over the mat. To protect the seeds from th

22、e birds, the mats were covered with straw. Water was sprinkled twice a day by rose cane until there was complete emergence of seedlings. After 4thday the straw was removed from the mats and water was applied by flooding and standing water in the mats was maintained as in the case of conventional nur

23、sery. Transplanting was done by using 20 days old seedlings. 2.2 Field PreparationThe field was prepared with tractor-operated rotary tiller. After first rotatilling, the field was flooded with water and kept as such for 7 days and then second rotatilling was done on 8th day and the field was levele

24、d by a plank. The field was then divided and sub-divided as per the experimental design. The data obtained were analyzed using split plot design of experiments.2.3 TransplantingTransplanting was done by OUAT rice transplanter, CRRI rice transplanter and self propelled Yanji rice transplanter at diff

25、erent sedimentation period of 24, 32, 48 and 56 hours. Hill to hill spacing in Yanji rice transplanter was set at 12 cm and depth was set at 3.0 cm for entire experiment and for manually operated transplanters (OUAT and CRRI) care was taken to maintain 10 to 12 cm hill-to-hill spacing. The mat nurse

26、ry was cut as per the tray size of the respective transplanter. 2.4 Design of ExperimentsThe experiments were conducted using split- plot design. The main-plots were three different transplanters namely OUAT transplanter (T1), CRRI transplanter (T2) and Yanji transplanter (T3) while the sub-plots we

27、re the sedimentation period such as 24, 32, 48 and 56 hours. Each treatment was replicated thrice. 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe performance of the selected three transplanters with respect to various sedimentation periods are presented in Figure 1 to 8. The ANOVA of the dependant parameters are pres

28、ented in Table 2 and 3.3.1 Float SinkageThe average float sinkage was observed to vary between 0.44 to 2.42 cm for OUAT transplanter (T1), 0.49 to 2.58 cm for CRRI transplanter (T2) and 0.98 to 4.65 cm for Yanji transplanter (T3) under the sedimentation period ranging from 24 to 56 hours as shown in

29、 Figure 1. The results indicated that as the sedimentation period increased, the float sinkage decreased for all the transplanters under study. The float sinkage decreased sharply for T1 and T2 as the sedimentation period increased from 24 to 32 hours but it showed a gradual decrease under T3. When

30、sedimentation period increased from 32 to 48 hours, float sinkage decreased gradually for T1 and T2 but it decreased sharply for T3.The float sinkage values did not change appreciably for the sedimentation period from 48 to 56 hours. The reason of higher sinkage at a lower sedimentation period (24 h

31、ours) may be due to partial settlement of soil particles and loose condition of soil while a gradual decrease at a higher sedimentation period is due to increase in hardness of soil surface. This hardness of soil could sustain the float pressure of the transplanters resulting in lower sinkage. Trans

32、planter T3 showed a higher sinkage than other transplanters for all the sedimentation period and this may be due to its higher float contact pressure of 16.42 g/cm2 At 32 hours sedimentation period, the sinkage of float was found to be within 1 to 2 cm for T1 and T2 while the same values were observed at 48 hours for T3. Studies with rice transplanters conducted at Punjab Agricultural University (PAU), Ludhiana indicated that transplant