The Economic Reasons of Counter Culture Movements in the United States美国反正统文化运动的经济原因.docx

The Economic Reasons of Counter Culture Movements in the United States美国反正统文化运动的经济原因.docx

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TheEconomicReasonsofCounterCultureMovementsintheUnitedStates美国反正统文化运动的经济原因

美国反正统文化运动的经济原因

TheEconomicReasonsofCounterCultureMovementsintheUnitedStates

Outline

Thesis:

In1960s,theAmericancounterculturemovement，whichwasdominatedbytheyouthwithgreatinfluenceinmanyareas,wasduetotheclashofvaluesbetweenparentsandchildrenindifferenteconomicbackgroundsandexcessivetechnologylearningineducation,whichtaughtpeoplealessonthatgreatimportanceshouldbeattachedtothedevelopmentofthespiritualworldduringtheprocessofenrichmentofmateriallife.

Ⅰ.Introduction

Ⅱ.TheSituationofAmerica’sPostwarEconomy

A.Physicalfoundation—theenormousincreaseofeconomy

B.FromIndustrialEconomytoPostIndustrialEconomy

1.Massproduction

2.Thedevelopmentofserviceindustry

Ⅲ.TheEconomicReasonsoftheCountercultureMovement

A.TheConflictingofValuesinDifferentEconomicBackgrounds

.1.Therealizationofthetruesociety

2.Theconflictbetweenchildrenandparentsinvaluesfromdifferenteconomicera

3.Hedonismandconsumerismin“affluentsociety”

B.Theinfluencesofeconomyonschooleducation

1.Massivetechnologyineducationwhichmetthedemandsoftheindustrialproduction

2.Socialdifferentiationandeducationaljusticeasaresultofunbalanceofeconomicdevelopment

3.Pursuitthedetachededucationin“affluentsociety”

C.OtherProblemsinEconomicDevelopment

1.Environmentpollutionduetotheeconomicdevelopment

2.Afeelingofbeingheartintechnologygovernance

3.MonopolyorganizationandcorporateState

Ⅳ.Conclusion

Abstract

Inthe1960sthecounterculturemovementstookplaceonalargescaleintheUnitedStates.Writersandscholarstrytofindthereasonsinpolitics,economy,historyandculturesandmanyotherareas.Thereisnorightorwronginthestudyofthereasons.However,thedifferencesinmethodologyandareasdoexist.Thecounterculturemovementhappenedin“affluentsociety”amongthemajorityofmiddleclasschildren.Itseemsthattostudytheeconomicreasonswillgetnowhere.Onthecontrary,itisthefastdevelopingeconomythatchangedpeople’svaluesandlifestyles,whichcollidedwiththetraditionalvalues.The“affluentsociety”wasorientedtowardseconomicbenefit,withalotofusingmachines,andtechniquegovernance,allofwhichseparatedthewarmrelationshipamongpeople,withthesubstitutionofthecoldrelationshipslikemachines.The“flowerchildren”wereconfusedwiththe"affluentsociety"ofexpandedproductionandtechnologicaldevelopmentandthe"ProtestantEthic"betweenthedislocationsoftraditionalculturalvalues.Theyfacedwiththeseriousandprofound"identitycrisis."Theirrebelliousspiritandthebeatgenerationwritersprovidethemwithsupportinideology.TheeconomicbackgroundofcounterculturemovementismuchsimilartoChina.Thesocietyshouldpaymoreattentiontoeconomicdevelopmentandpeople’svalues.

Keywords:

counterculturetechniquemanagementidentitycrisis

内容提要

二十世纪六十年代的美国反正统文化运动，参与群体的巨大，表现形式与社会主流文化完全颠覆的冲突，以及对后来社会各方面的发展产生的不同程度的影响，这些都有足够的份量来引发社会各界学者对其形成原因进行分析探索。

而经济作为整个社会赖以生存和发展的一大支柱，左右着人们社会价值观的变化。

战后，美国的经济不同于其他国家的颓废反而是一片欣欣向荣之景。

整个社会从工业到教育都以追求经济的发展目的。

父辈们在经历了经济高速发展的艰苦过程后，也力图把这种观念强加给子女，可是温室里的花朵感受到的却是社会发展带来的残酷，人际关系的冷漠，技术治理的功利。

种种现实与社会宣扬的新教理论发生了严重冲突，于是他们不解，产生了严重的信仰危机。

他们试图通过自己的反叛来引起这个病态社会的注意。

在经济发展的同时不仅仅需要物质满足还需要精神同时丰裕。

在追求经济快速发展的同时也要让人的内心世界跟着健康向前发展。

关键词：

反正统文化技术治理信仰危机

Ⅰ.Introduction

Americaexperiencedabigchaosbecauseofthecounterculturemovementin1960s.Theparticipantofcounter-culturemovementusedunbelievablemethodssuchasrockmusic,drugabuse,andgrouplivingtoshowtheirdissatisfactionwiththereality.Theywereagainstalmostalloftheso-calledrightthingsintraditionalvaluesanddidwhattheythoughtisgoodintheirownvalues.Duetoitscountercultureactionandthelong-lastingtimeinfluenceinmanyotherareas,manyscholarshavetriedtofindthereasonsofcounter-culturemovementfromdifferentperspectives,suchasthefieldofpolitics,economy,cultureandhistory.Ortheystudythenumbersofparticipants,thepsychologyandsoon.Mostofthemhavealreadygivenusrichandclearreasons,andtheyareintendedtogiveusaperfectanswer.Butthingsarenotalwaysasperfectasweexpected.Therearestillsomepracticalproblemswaitingforustosolve.Asfortheeconomicreasons,itcouldbeseparatedwiththeotherreasonsandcouldbecombinedwiththerealityofthesociety,notonlyinthe1960sAmerica,butalsointhemodernworld,suchasChina.Thenewgenerationislivinginrichandcomfortablefamilies,theydonotexperienceTheGreatDepressionsandWorldWarⅡastheirfathershaveeveronceexperienced.Sotheycannotunderstandthemoralprinciplestheirparentshavetoldthem,suchasdiligenceandcompetition.Otherwise,theyareconfusedwiththetraditionalvaluesandthereality.Thepuritanreligioncherishedasceticism，butthewholesocietyispursuingthebenefitsasmuchaspossible.Theyarefedupwiththecruelandlonelyworldandwanttocallforattentionsintheirownways.

Inadditiontothefirstpartofintroductionandtheconclusion,inthesecondpart,itdemonstratesthebackgroundofAmerica’seconomyin1960s,whichshowsthephysicalfoundationofcounterculturemovement.Inthethirdpart,itshowsthegenerationgapscausedbythedifferenteconomicbackgroundsandtheconflictingbetweentheyounggenerationsandschoolsduetomasstechnologyineducationthefastdevelopingeconomy.Theconflictbetweenthetraditionalvaluesandtheyounggeneration’svaluesreachitspeak.Inthethirdproportionofthethirdpart,itshowsthebadimpactoffastdevelopingeconomy,suchasenvironmentpollution.Peopleturnedtopayattentiontothelivingenvironmentwiththeimprovementoflifestandards.Especiallyfortheyounggenerations,theyaremuchmorepassionate.Nottomentionthetechniquemanagementandmonopoliescompanywhichleadthesocietytomuchmorecruelandcoldness.Asforchildren,theydonotonlywantarichandcomfortablelife,butalsourgeforthefeelingsofbeinglovedandfulfillmentofmind.

Ⅱ.TheSituationofAmerica’sPostwarEconomy

A.Theenormousincreaseofeconomy---physicalfoundation

AfterworldwarⅡ，Americabecamethebiggestbeneficiary.Itseconomyunderwentanenormousexpansion.NewYorkreplacedLondonandbecamethefinancialcenteroftheworld.Americandollarbecamethemostpopularcurrency.

“TheAmericanGNPhasincreasedfrom213.6billionin1945to502.4billionin1960.Sixty-fourpercentofAmericanfamilieshaveonthelistofmiddleclassandtheunemploymentratekeepsataloweraverage”（Li40）.

Theflourishingeconomyprovidepeoplewithphysicalfoundationtorethinktheexistculture.AbrahamMaslow’s“hierarchyofneeds”maythoroughlyexplainthesephenomena.Theorderofimportancetoneedsatisfactionbeginningwiththesatisfactionofbiologicalneeds,thenthoseofsecurityandsafety,andthenselfactualizationneeds.The“affluentsociety”andfiercecompetitionshavecontributedtothecrueltyofthesociety.JustasDanielBellhasstatedinhisbookCulturalContradictionsofCapitalism.

Theeconomy,whichplaysadecisiveroleinpromotingthefoundationsectorontheprocessofdevelopcapitalist.Ithasdevelopedintoacharacterizedofstricthierarchyandfinedivisionself-regulatorysystemaftertherevolutionofscientificandtechnologyandmanagement.Alltheactivitiesarestrictlyinaccordancewith“benefitprinciple”andthegoalistomaximizeprofitsatutmost.Inthisincreasinglydehumanizingsystem,peoplearesqueezedintoarolewhomarelackofpersonalityandextremelycold.Developmentandchangeiseverything.Theby-productofsecularizationisprofanityinculture.Capitalistcannotprovidewithproperspirittomeetthemutualunderstandingamongtheworkandthelifeofthepeople（Zhao2）.

Thecoldrelationshipsbetweenpeoplemakethemfeelemptyinspirit.Nottosaythe“flowerchildren”,whichlivedinrichsocietyandenjoyedthefruitsoftheirfathers’efforts,theydidnotexperiencethecruelsocietybutwasfedupwiththeself-regulatorysystemandbeneficiary-orientedsocietythattheyhavebeentoldtoadjusttoit.Theyareverypureinmind,sotheywanttofindtheiridealsocietybytheirmethods.

B.Fromindustrialeconomytopost-industrialeconomy

AmericaneconomyhasexperiencedseveralstagesafterWorldWarⅡ,whichindicatesitsrapiddevelopment.DanielBellhasanalyzeditsdifferentprogressandgivesusaclearpictureofwhatisthesuccessandtaskineachstage.

Heproposedthatthecapitalistinpre-industrializationistodealwithnaturalindustrializationconcentrateonthemachine,whileinthepost-industrialsociety,natureandmachinearehiddenintothebackgroundofhumanexistence,thebigproblemstandbeforethesocietyistheproblemsofrelationshipsbetweenhumansandhumans,humanandhimself（Zhao3）.

Sointhepost-industrialsociety,withimprovedlifestandardsandrichsociety,thetraditionalvaluessuchasdiligencewerenotadjustedtothepresentsociety.Peoplebegantorethinktheirvaluesinthepresentsocietyandtheywanttofindspiritualsupportininterpersonalandpersonalunderstandingofthesociety.Onthewaytofindtheirnewvalues,theconflictbetweenthenewandtraditionalvaluesisinevitable.AsDanielBellhasproposedthatthetechnologydevelopmentandtheincreasingnumberofMiddleclasswillbringtheindustrializedsocietyintothepost-industrialsociety.ManyMiddleclasschildrenhavethepermanentconditionstoexperiencethechangebetweenthetraditionalvaluestheyhavebeentoldofandtherealactio