revised英语词汇学考前串讲.docx

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revised英语词汇学考前串讲

英语词汇学考前串讲

1.考试题形式分为:

Ⅰ.选择题(30分):

完全是考书中的例子,理论与例子的结合,也就是‘Theory’和‘Example’的结合。

Ⅱ.填空(10分):

考特例,不是考简单的‘Examples﹑Theory’而是考‘Exceptions’.

Ⅲ.(10分)考试内容:

ⅰ.Typesofmeaningchanges:

词意变化的种类

ⅱ.Typesofmeaning:

词义的种类,如:

概念意义,联想意义,情感意义等。

ⅲ.Languagesbranches:

语系与语族,语系如:

印欧语系;语族如:

一个大的语

系下分为那几个小的语族,如:

日尔曼语族,斯堪的纳维亚语族等。

ⅳ.Feathersofidioms:

习语的特点

Ⅳ.(10分)考试内容:

ⅰ.TypesofBoundMorphemes:

粘着词素的种类

ⅱ.TypesofWordFormations:

构词法的种类

ⅲ.TypesofMeaning:

词义的种类

ⅳ.TypesofMeaningofIdioms:

习语涵义的种类

Ⅴ.名词解释(10分):

Ⅵ.简答题(12分):

ⅰ.比较题:

两种理论/概念之间的区别就叫比较题,比如说‘概念意义与联想意

义有何区别,粘着词素与派生词根有何区别,两种事物与两种理论之间的区别等。

ⅱ.名词解释扩展题:

难的名词解释派生的简答题,如:

AffectedMeaning名词

解释起来太长了,放在简答题里,就成为:

WhatisAffectedMeaning,

brieflyexemplifyit.

ⅲ.Optional:

可考可不考的题,往往是给出名词让你举例子

Ⅶ.分析题(18分):

给出例子,让你用理论加以分析。

二.串讲内容:

Introduction部分:

Lexicology这门课算哪一种学科的分支:

Lexicologyisabranchoflinguistics.

Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系:

1)Morphology2)Semantics3)Stylistics4)Etymology5)Lexicography

研究lexicology的两大方法:

1)Diachronicapproach:

历时语言学

2)Synchronicapproach:

共时语言学

e.g.wife

纵观历时语言学的方法论,woman词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式?

Woman的词义的变化算Narrowingorspecialization

第一章部分:

Whatisword?

词具有哪些特点?

词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1)Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguage;

2)Asoundunityoragivensound;

3)aunitofmeaning;

4)afor以上词的四mthatcanfunctionaloneinasentence.

个特点也就是词的名词解释

词的分类(classificationofaword)

词根据发音可以分为哪两种词?

或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词?

1)simplewords2)complexwords

单音节词例子:

e.g.Manandfinearesimple

多音节词例子:

e.g.Management,misfortune,blackmail

management可以次划分为manage和-ment

misfortune可以次划分为mis-和fortune

blackmail次划分为black和mail

Whatistherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?

1)Thereis‘nologicalrelationshipbetweenthesoundandactualthing.

e.g.dog.cat

2)Therelationshipbetweenthemisconventional.

3)Indifferentlanguagesthesameconceptcanberepresentedbydifferentsounds.

Whatisrelationshipbetweensoundandform?

1)Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageisthewrittenrecordoftheoralform.Naturallythewrittenformshouldagreewiththeoralform,suchasEnglishlanguage.

2)ThisisfairlytrueofEnglishinitsearlieststagei.e.OldEnglish

3)Withthedevelopmentofthelanguage,moreandmoredifferencesoccurbetweenthetwo.

Whatarethegreatchangesthatcausesillogicalrelationshiporirregularitybetweensoundandform?

1)TheinternalreasonforthisisthattheEnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans,whichdoesnothaveaseparatelettertorepresenteachsoundinthelanguagesothatsomelettersmustdo

doubledutyorworktogetherincombination.

2)Anotherreasonisthatthepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears,andinsomecasesthetwohavedrawnfarapart.

3)Athirdreasonisthatsomeofthedifferenceswerecreatedbytheearlyscribes.

4)Finallycomestheborrowing,whichisanimportantchannelofenrichingtheEnglishvocabulary.

要记住以上四句话中的关键词:

1)influencedbyRomans

2)Pronunciationchanged

3)earlyscribes

4)borrowing

你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些?

e.g.stimulus(L),fiesta(Sp),eureka(Gr),kimono(Jap)

外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘soundandform’不一致。

Whatisvocabulary?

Vocabularyreferstothetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage,butitcanstandforallthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.

Vocabularyalsoreferstoallthewordsofagivendialect,givenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.

ClassificationofWords(本课的一个重点,年年考试都考)

Whatistheclassificationofwords?

Howtoclassifywordsinlinguistics?

Threecriteria:

1)Byuseoffrequency

2)Bynotion

3)Byorigin

Byuseoffrequency可划分为:

1)Thebasicwordstock

2)Nonbasicwordvocabulary

Bynotion可划分为:

1)Contentword

2)Functionalword

Contentwordsarealsoknownasnotionalwords.(Contentwords的别称)

Functionalwordsarealsoknownasemptywords,orformwords.(Functionalwords的别称)

Functionalwordspossessesacharacteristicofbasicwordstock,i.e.stability

AccordingtoStuartRobertson,etal(1957),*(年年考试必考)thenine

functionalwords,namely,and,be,have,it,of,the,to,will,you

Whatarethecharacteristicsofbasicwordstock?

1)Allnationalcharacter

2)Stability

3)Productivity

4)Polysemy

5)Collocability

要把握住‘Allnationalcharacter’的词,就是和我们日常生活息息相关的,最普通的词

稳定性是基本词的一个很大特点,请你举例说明?

e.g.man,woman,fire,water…

e.g.machine,video,telephone…

e.g.bow,chariot,knight

Stabilityisrelative,notabsolute.

根据词的usefrequency划分出的基本词之外,还有一类词叫作Nonebasicvocabulary,非基本词有几大特点?

或者是几大分类?

1)Terminology

e.g.sonata,algebra

2)Jargon

e.g.Bottomline(Jargon)

3)Slang

e.g.smoky,bear(Slang)

4)Argot

e.g.persuader

5)Dialectalwords

e.g.station(AusE=ranch)

bluid(ScotE=blood)

6)Archaisms

e.g.wilt(will)

7)Neologisms

e.g.email(Neologisms)

beaver是girl的slang表达方式,但是二者之间存在着Stylisticdifference

WhichconstitutesthelargernumberamongEnglishvocabulary,contentwordsorfunctionalwords?

Answer:

Contentwords

Whatisnativewords?

Answer:

(1)Byorigin,Englishwordscanbeclassifiedintonativewordsandborrowedwords.

(2)NativewordsarewordsbroughttoBritaininthefifthcenturybytheGermantribes:

theAngles,theSaxons,andtheJutes,thusknowasAnglo-Saxonwords.

(3)WordsofAnglo-Saxonoriginaresmallinnumber,amountingtoroughly50,000to60,000,buttheyformthemainstreamofthebasicwordstockandstandatthecoreofthelanguage

什么叫borrowedwords?

Answer:

(1)wordstakenoverfromforeignlanguagesareknowasborrowedwordsorloanwordsorborrowingsinsimpleterms.

(2)ItisestimatedthatEnglishborrowingsconstitute80percentofthemodernEnglishvocabulary

(3)TheEnglishlanguagehasvastdebts.Inanydictionarysome80%oftheentriesareborrowed.

什么叫Denizens?

DenizensarewordsborrowedearlyinthepastandnowarewellassimilatedintotheEnglishlanguage.InotherwordstheyhavecometoconformtotheEnglishwayofpronunciationandspelling,suchasportfromportus(L).

‘Denizens’的例子都要记:

Portfromportus(L),cupfromcuppa(L),shiftfromskipta(ON),shirtfromskyrta(ON),changefromchangier(F),porkfromporc(F).

什么叫Translation-loans?

Translation-loansarewordsandexpressionsformedformtheexistingmaterialintheEnglishlanguagebutmodeledonthepatternstakenfromanotherlanguage,suchas‘longtimenoseefromhaojiumeijian(Ch)

什么叫Semantic-loans?

wordsofthiscategoryarenotborrowedwithreferencetotheform,Buttheirmeaningareborrowed,inotherwords,Englishhasborrowedanewmeaningforanexistingwordinthelanguage,suchastheworddream,whichoriginallymeant’joy’and‘music’,anditsmodernmeaningwasborrowedlaterfromtheNorse.

第二章:

ThedevelopmentoftheEnglishvocabulary

TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily

Itisassumedthattheworldhasapproximately3,000(someputit5,000)languages,whichcanbegroupedintoroughly300languagefamiliesonthebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstockandgrammar.(重点:

语系划分的标准)

Whatisthecriteriatodividelanguagefamilies?

Theanswer:

1.thebasisofsimilaritiesintheirbasicwordstock2.grammar

(重点)TheBalto-Slaviccomprisessuchmodernlanguagesas(选择题内容:

Prussian,Lithuanian,Polish,Czech,Bulgarian,SlovenianandRussian.

‘Indo-European’两大分支:

1.Easternset2.Westernset

Easternset:

Balto-Slavic,Indo-Iranian,ArmenianandAlbanian

Westernset:

Celtic,Italic,Hellenic,Germanic.

InthewesternSet,GreekisthemodernlanguagederivedfromHellenic.

Celtic:

Scottish,Irish,Welsh,Breton

ThefiveRomancelanguages,namely,Portuguese,Spanish,French,Italian,RoumanianallbelongtotheItalic.

TheGermanicfamilyconsistsofthefourNorthernEuropeanLanguages:

Norwegian,Icelandic,DanishandSwedish,whicharegenerallyknownasScandinavianlanguages.ThenthereisGerman,Dutch,FlemishandEnglish.

WithVikings’invasion,manyScandinavianwordscameintotheEnglishlanguage.

Itisestimatedthatatleast900wordsofScandinavianoriginhavesurvivedinmodernEnglish.

OldEnglishhasavocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.ItwasahighlyinflectedlanguagejustlikemodernGerman.

重点句:

ModernEnglishbeganwiththeestablishmentofprintinginEngland

古英语最大的模糊性的概念来自于(scripts)

古英语正因为出现印刷术才打破了(earlyscripts)

Soundandform真正达到统一是在什么时期?

.Soundandformreachedtheirconcordin(ModernEnglishperiod)

如果从词汇变化的角度而言,ModernEnglish又可以细划分为earlyperiod,modernperiod.

*现代英语早期阶段属于哪一种文化现象的发展时期(重要的选择或填空内容)

EarlymodernEnglishappearedintheRenaissance,ModernEnglishperiod有什么样的外来语的进入?

TheLatinwordsswarmedintoEnglishinearlymodernEnglishperiod

现代英语时期,英语词汇大量丰富还有另外一个原因是(colonization)

TherichnessofModernEnglishinvocabularyalsoarisesfrom(Colonization)

TheEnglishlanguagehasevolvedfromasyntheticlanguagetothepresentanalyticlanguage(重要选择或填空内容)

GrowthofPresent-dayEnglishVocabulary

Threemainsourcesofnewwords:

1)Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology

2)Social,economicandpoliticalchanges;

3)Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguage

2.4ModesofVocabularyDevelopment

1)creation2)semanticchange3)borrowing

2)Semanticchange(还包括外来词的Semanticloans)

Elevation,degradation,extension,narrowing,transfer

外来词可以被称作borrowedwords,因此又可以被称作重点句:

borrowedwordsarealsoknownasloanedwords.

恢复古英语的用词是美国英语的一大特色

RevivingarchaicorobsoletewordsalsocontributestothegrowthofEnglishvocabularythoughquiteinsignificant.ThisisespeciallytrueofAmericanEnglish.

英语从syntheticlanguage发展到presentanalyticallanguage是在英语的哪一个阶段完成的?

答案:

ModernEnglishperiod

文艺复兴时期,恰逢英语发展的哪个阶段?

答案:

EarlyModern

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