钢筋对裂缝宽度的影响外文翻译文献.docx

钢筋对裂缝宽度的影响外文翻译文献.docx

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钢筋对裂缝宽度的影响外文翻译文献

文献信息：

文献标题：

Impactofcrackwidthonbond:

Confinedandunconfinedreba（约束和无约束的钢筋对裂缝宽度的影响）

国外作者：

DavidW.Law，DengleiTang，ThomasK.C.Molyneaux，Rebecca Gravina

文献出处：

《MaterialsandStructures》,2011,44（7）:

1287-1296

字数统计：

英文3707单词，18870字符；中文5545汉字

外文文献：

Impactofcrackwidthonbond:

Confinedandunconfinedreba

AbstractThispaperreportstheresultsofaresearchprojectcomparingtheeffectofsurfacecrackwidthanddegreeofcorrosiononthebondstrengthofconfinedandunconfineddeformed12and16 mmmildsteelreinforcingbars.ThecorrosionwasinducedbychloridecontaminationoftheconcreteandanappliedDCcurrent.Theprincipalparametersinvestigatedwereconfinementofthereinforcement,thecoverdepth,bardiameter,degreeofcorrosionandthesurfacecrackwidth.Theresultsindicatedthatpotentialrelationshipbetweenthecrackwidthandthebondstrength.Theresultsalsoshowedanincreaseinbondstrengthatthepointwhereinitialsurfacecrackingwasobservedforbarswithconfiningstirrups.Nosuchincreasewasobservedwithunconfinedspecimens.

Keywords:

  bond ;corrosion ; rebar ; cover ; crackwidth ; concrete

1.Introduction

Thecorrosionofsteelreinforcementisamajorcauseofthedeteriorationofreinforcedconcretestructuresthroughouttheworld.Inuncorrodedstructuresthebondbetweenthesteelreinforcementandtheconcreteensuresthatreinforcedconcreteactsinacompositemanner.However,whencorrosionofthesteeloccursthiscompositeperformanceisadverselyaffected.Thisisduetotheformationofcorrosionproductsonthesteelsurface,whichaffectthebondbetweenthesteelandtheconcrete.

Thedeteriorationofreinforcedconcreteischaracterizedbyageneralorlocalizedlossofsectiononthereinforcingbarsandtheformationofexpansivecorrosionproducts.Thisdeteriorationcanaffectstructuresinanumberofways;theproductionofexpansiveproductscreatestensilestresseswithintheconcrete,whichcanresultincrackingandspallingoftheconcretecover.Thiscrackingcanleadtoacceleratedingressoftheaggressiveagentscausingfurthercorrosion.Itcanalsoresultinalossofstrengthandstiffnessoftheconcretecover.Thecorrosionproductscanalsoaffectthebondstrengthbetweentheconcreteandthereinforcingsteel.Finallythecorrosionreducesthecrosssectionofthereinforcingsteel,whichcanaffecttheductilityofthesteelandtheloadbearingcapacity,whichcanultimatelyimpactupontheserviceabilityofthestructureandthestructuralcapacity.

Previousresearchhasinvestigatedtheimpactofcorrosiononbond,withanumberofmodelsbeingproposed.Themajorityofthisresearchhasfocusedontherelationshipbetweenthelevelofcorrosion（masslossofsteel）orthecurrentdensitydegree（corrosioncurrentappliedinacceleratedtesting）andcrackwidth,orontherelationshipbetweenbondstrengthandlevelofcorrosion.Otherresearchhasinvestigatedthemechanicalbehaviourofcorrodedsteelandthefrictioncharacteristics.However,littleresearchhasfocusedontherelationshipbetweencrackwidthandbond,aparameterthatcanbemeasuredwithrelativeeaseonactualstructures.

Thecorrosionofthereinforcingsteelresultsintheformationofironoxideswhichoccupyalargervolumethanthatoftheparentmetal.Thisexpansioncreatestensilestresseswithinthesurroundingconcrete,eventuallyleadingtocrackingofthecoverconcrete.Oncecrackingoccursthereisalossofconfiningforcefromtheconcrete.Thissuggeststhatthelossofbondcapacitycouldberelatedtothelongitudinalcrackwidth.However,theuseofconfinementwithintheconcretecancounteractthislossofbondcapacitytoacertaindegree.Researchtodatehasprimarilyinvolvedspecimenswithconfinement.Thispaperreportsastudycomparingthelossofbondofspecimenswithandwithoutconfinement.

2.Experimentalinvestigation

2.1Specimens

Beamendspecimenswereselectedforthisstudy.Thistypeofeccentricpulloutor‘beamend’typespecimenusesabondedlengthrepresentativeoftheanchoragezoneofatypicalsimplysupportedbeam.Specimensofrectangularcrosssectionwerecastwithalongitudinalreinforcingbarineachcorner,Fig. 1.An80 mmplastictubewasprovidedatthebarunderneaththetransversereactiontoensurethatthebondstrengthwasnotenhancedduetoa（transverse）compressiveforceactingonthebaroverthislength.

Fig. 1 Beamendspecimen

Deformedrebarof12and16 mmdiameterwithcoverofthreetimesbardiameterwereinvestigated.Duplicatesetsofconfinedandunconfinedspecimensweretested.Theconfinedspecimenshadthreesetsof6 mmstainlesssteelstirrupsequallyspacedfromtheplastictube,at75 mmcentres.

Thisrepresentsfourgroupsofspecimenswithacombinationofdifferentbardiameterandwith/withoutconfinement.Thespecimenswereselectedinordertoinvestigatetheinfluenceofbarsize,confinementandcrackwidthonbondstrength.

2.2Materials

Themixdesignisshown,Table 1.ThecementwasTypeIPortlandcement,theaggregatewasbasaltwithspecificgravity2.99.ThecoarseandfineaggregatewerepreparedinaccordancewithAS1141-2000.MixingwasundertakeninaccordancewithAS1012.2-1994.Specimenswerecuredfor28 daysunderwethessianbeforetesting.

Inordertocomparebondstrengthforthedifferentconcretecompressivestrengths,Eq. 1isusedtonormalizebondstrengthfornon-corrodedspecimensashasbeenusedbyotherresearcher.

（1）

where

isthebondstrengthforgrade40concrete,τexptlistheexperimentalbondstrengthandfcistheexperimentalcompressivestrength.

ThetensilestrengthoftheΦ12andΦ16 mmsteelbarswasnominally500 MPa,whichequatestoafailureloadof56.5and100.5 kN,respectively.

2.3Experimentmethodology

Acceleratedcorrosionhasbeenusedbyanumberofauthorstoreplicatethecorrosionofthereinforcingsteelhappeninginthenaturalenvironment.Thesehaveinvolvedexperimentsusingimpressedcurrentsorartificialweatheringwithwet/drycyclesandelevatedtemperaturestoreducethetimeuntilcorrosion,whilemaintainingdeteriorationmechanismsrepresentativeofnaturalexposure.Studiesusingimpressedcurrentshaveusedcurrentdensitiesbetween100 μA/cm2and500 mA/cm2.Researchhassuggestedthatcurrentdensitiesupto200 μA/cm2resultinsimilarstressesduringtheearlystagesofcorrosionwhencomparedto100 μA/cm2.Assuchanappliedcurrentdensityof200 μA/cm2wasselectedforthisstudy—representativeofthelowerendofthespectrumofsuchcurrentdensitiesadoptedinpreviousresearch.However,cautionshouldbeappliedwhenacceleratingthecorrosionusingimpressedcurrentastheaccelerationprocessdoesnotexactlyreplicatethemechanismsinvolvedinactualstructures.Inacceleratedteststhepitsarenotallowedtoprogressnaturally,andtheremaybeamoreuniformcorrosiononthesurface.Alsotherateofcorrosionmayimpactonthecorrosionproducts,suchthatdifferentoxidationstateproductsmaybeformed,whichcouldimpactonbond.

Thesteelbarsservedastheanodeandfourmildsteelmetalplateswerefixedonthesurfacetoserveascathodes.Sponges（sprayedwithsaltwater）wereplacedbetweenthemetalplatesandconcretetoprovideanadequatecontact,Fig. 2.

Fig. 2 Acceleratedcorrosionsystem

Whentherequiredcrackwidthwasachievedforaparticularbar,theimpressedcurrentwasdiscontinuedforthatbar.Thespecimenwasremovedforpullouttestingwhenallfourlocationsexhibitedthetargetcrackwidth.Averagesurfacecrackwidthsof0.05,0.5,1and1.5 mmwereadoptedasthetargetcrackwidths.Thesurfacecrackwidthwasmeasuredat20 mmintervalsalongthelengthofthebar,beginning20 mmfromtheendofthe（plastictube）bondbreakerusinganopticalmicroscope.Thelevelofaccuracyinthemeasurementswas±0.02 mm.Measurementsofcrackwidthweretakenonthesurfacenormaltothebardirectionregardlessoftheactualcrackorientationatthatlocation.

Bondstrengthtestswereconductedbymeansofahandoperatedhydraulicjackandacustom-builttestrigasshowninFig. 3.TheloadingschemeisillustratedinFig. 4.Aplastictubeoflength80 mmwasprovidedattheendoftheconcretesectionunderneaththetransversereactiontoensurethatthebondstrengthwasnotenhancedbythereactive（compressive）force（actingnormaltothebar）.Thespecimenwaspositionedsothatanaxialforcewasappliedtothebarbeingtested.Therestraintsweresufficientlyrigidtoensureminimalrotationortwistingofthespecimenduringloading.

Fig. 3 Pull-outtest,16 mmbarunconfined

Fig. 4 Schematicofloading.Note:

onlytestbarshownforclarity

3.Experimentalresultsanddiscussion

3.1Visualinspection

Followingtheacceleratedcorrosionphaseeachspecimenwasvisuallyinspectedforthelocationofcracks,meancrackwidthandmaximumcrackwidth（Sect. 2.3）.

Whileeachspecimenhadameantargetcrackwidthforeachbar,variationsinthiscrackwidthwereobservedpriortopullouttesting.Thisisduetocorrosionandcrackingbeingadynamicprocesswithcrackspropagatingatdifferentrates.Thus,whileindividualbarsweredisconnected,oncethetargetcrackwidthhadbeenachieved,corrosionandcrackpropagationcontinued（tosomeextent）untilallbarshadachievedthetargetcrackwidthandpullouttestsconducted.Thisresultedinarangeofdataforthemaximumandmeancrackwidthsforthepullouttests.

Thevisualinspectionofthespecimensshowedthreestagestothecrackingprocess.Theinitialcracksoccurredinaveryshortperiod,usuallygeneratedwithinafewdays.Afterthat,mostcracksgrew