外文翻译增加农民收入调整经济结构新时期中国农村劳动力流动问题.docx

外文翻译增加农民收入调整经济结构新时期中国农村劳动力流动问题.docx

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外文翻译增加农民收入调整经济结构新时期中国农村劳动力流动问题

外文原文

Increasingfarmers'income,AdjustingEconomicStructure

NewEraChina'srurallaborflowproblems

Along-standingconcernoftheChineseGovernment,becomesahardernuttocrackunderthepresentnewcircumstances—China'sWTOentry.China'sagricultureisfacingnewchallenges.Chinesefarmproduce,lowinscientificcontent,lackscompetitiveadvantagesontheinternationalmarketintermsofprice.Theentryofthehigh-qualityforeignagricultureproductswillmakeitmoredifficulttoraisethepriceofthedomesticproducts.Thiswillaffecttheproductionoftherelatedfarmproducts,whichwillinreturnexertanimpactontheemploymentofrurallaborers.Ifthosesurpluslaborsareunabletofindjobs,farmerswillhavegreaterdifficultiesincreasingtheirincome.

Overthepastfewyears,Chinahasmadeactiveeffortstoexploreeffectivemeansforstructuraladjustmentsinaccordancewiththerequirementsofagriculturaldevelopmentinthenewera,andachievedresults.TheMinisterofAgricultureDuQinglinsaidthatinthecomingyears,theadjustmentoftheChineseagriculturalstructurewouldgiveprioritytothefollowingfouraspects:

Adjustingthemixoftheagriculturalproductionandgivingfullplaytoregionalcomparativeadvantages;

Developinghigh-quality,special-purposeandpollution-freefarmproduceandimprovingthequalityoffarmproduceinanall-roundway;

Developingthefarmproduceprocessingindustryandincreasingtheaddedvalueoffarmproduce;

Promotingadjustmentofruralemploymentstructureandacceleratingtransferofruralsurpluslaborers.

ReducingtheNumberofFarmers:

WhileChinesecitiesarefacingincreasingunemployment,ruralareashavealsowitnessedaswellingpopulationofsurplusfarmers.StatisticsshowthatChinanowhasabout150millionsurplusrurallaborers,anumberwhichwillincreasebyanother6millionannuallyinthecomingyears,duetoafurtherreductioninfarmlandsandimprovementofagriculturalproductivity.

YangZhongshu,StandingCommitteeMemberoftheNationalCommitteeoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConference（CPPCC）,holdsthatChina,acountrywithabundantlaborresourcesandinsufficientfarmlandresources,shouldvigorouslydeveloplaborandtechnology-intensiveagriculturalproductsandincreasetheinternalemploymentcapacityofagriculture.Hebelievesthisisarationalapproachforrestructuringagriculturalproduction,aswellastherightoptionforabsorbingsurplusagriculturalmanpower.

OfthecurrentChineserurallaborers,thosewhoareilliterateorsemi-illiterateform16percentofthetotal;thosewhohavereceivedprimaryschooleducationconstitute40percent;andthosewhohavereceivedvocationaleducationortrainingmakeuponly5percent.Theloweducationalleveloftherurallaborforceisaggravatingtheexcessofrurallabors.Exportsuggestthatthesupplyofthelow-qualitylaborerscouldbealteredthroughenhancededucationandtraining,thusprovidingmoreemploymentopportunities.Theybelievethisiskeytoresolvingtheredundancyoftherurallaborforce.

Expertsalsosuggestthatanemploymentservicesystembeestablished,providingaguaranteeforthetransferoftherurallaborforce.

ImplementingTax-for-FeeReform

Increasingfarmers'incomeshouldstartwithreducingtheirburdens,saidWuShuqing,MemberoftheNPCFinancialandEconomicCommittee.

Recordsshowthattheper-capitanetincomeofChinesefarmersincreased12.6percentannuallyonaveragebetween1994-99,whilevariousagriculturaltaxesonthemrose12.7percentduringthesameperiod.Overstaffedtownandtownshipgovernmentinstitutionswerealsobasicallysupportedbyfarmers,whichaddedtotheburdenoffarmers.

Tax-for-feereforminruralareasiswidelyconsideredapolicyaimedatfundamentallyreducingfarmers'burdensandguaranteeingtheirincome.Thison-goingreformaimstostraightenoutvarioustaxesandfeesleviedonfarmersbygrassrootsgovernmentinstitutions,andabolishirrationalfeesbeforeintroducingauniformagriculturaltax.

Thecostofthetransferofrurallaborforcestudy,AttheSecondSessionoftheNinthNPCheldinMarch1999,PremierZhudemandedthatrelevantdepartmentslosesnotimeinworkingoutandimplementingthetax-for-feereformprograminruralareas.TheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChina（CPC）andtheStateCounciljointlyissuedacircularinApril2000,decidingtocarryoutexperimentswithruraltax-for-feereforminAnhuiProvinceandsomecountiesinotherprovinces,autonomousregionsandmunicipalities.Theexperimentswereaimedofaregularruraltax/feesystemandforfundamentallighteningoffarmers'loads.

PremierZhuhasreiteratedthatwhiledrasticallyreducingfarmers'burdensduringtheruraltax-for-feereform,measuresshouldbetakentoensurenecessaryexpensesfornormalworkanddevelopmentoftownshipandvillages,especiallytheoutlayforcompulsoryeducationinruralareas.

Itisreportedthattax-for-feereform,whichhasbeenhandicappedduetofinancialdifficultiesatcountyandtown-shiplevels,willbepushedforwardinmidstoftheCentralGovernment'sincreaseinfinancialtransferpayment.Inhisreportdeliveredatthisyear'sNPCsession,FinanceMinisterXiangHuaichengsaidthetrialofthereformwillbeexpandedtoone-thirdofChina'sprovinces,andforthis,thecentralfinancewillincrease15billionyuaninspecialtransferpayments.

Atpresent,withanincreasingnumberofrurallaborersmovedtocities,moreandmorecountriesarealsoconcernedaboutthetransferofruralsurpluslaborforce,fromaneconomicpointofview,thetransferofruralsurpluslaborforceintherurallaborforceisactuallytheirownresourcesanoptimalallocation.However,thetransferofthelaborprocess,isalsoaccompaniedbyanumberofissuesthatrequireattentionandnationalgovernmentstohelpfarmers.Duetothecharacteristicsofrurallabor,aswellasmacro-policyandeconomicenvironment,therurallaborforcere-allocationofresourcesnotonlyintheperformancespaceandthemovementofinter-industryandatthesametimefarmersneedtopayforthecostoftransfer,whichcostsComparedtolow-incomefarmers,infact,ahugecost.Concernedabouthoweffectivelythevitalinterestsofthefarmers,helpfarmerstoreducelaborcosts,istobetheprimaryconcern.

Chinaisalargeagriculturalcountry,iscurrentlyintransitionfromaplannedeconomytomarketeconomy,fromagriculturetotheindustrialcountries,fromtheleastdevelopedagriculturalsocietytoindustrialsocietydevelopedtheprocessoftransition.ThisgreatsocialprogressandsocialchangehasbroughtfundamentalchangesinChina'sruralareasissteadilypromotingagriculturalandruralstrategicadjustmentofeconomicstructure,whilespeedinguptherurallaborfromagriculturaltonon-agriculturalindustriesandtocitiesandtownssecondaryandtertiaryindustriesTheflow.Therefore,acorrectunderstandingoftheneweraoftheflowofrurallaborsignificanceandcharacteristicsofthetimes,nationalandlocalgovernmentsatvariouslevelstocorrectlyguidetheorderlyflowofrurallaborforcetoprovideareasonablepossibilityofreference,hasbeenentrustedtoourtimesistheboundendutyoftheoreticalworkers.

RecallingthehistoryofChina,theflowofrurallaborinChinatoenterasearlyasthe19thcentury,modernsocietyhasproduced.SincethenChinaisstillaconservative,closedandbackwardtraditionalagriculturalcountry,sothattheflowofpeopleisthefundamentalreasonforthedevelopmentandintensificationofcontradictions.Namely:

"Ontheonehand,thedemandperspective,therapidpopulationgrowth,leadingtothemostbasicconsumergoods（food）asubstantialincreaseindemandontheotherhand,fromthesupplypointofview,becauseoftheextensivedevelopmentofresources（arableland）Thegradualdepletion,becauseofintensivemanagementofthelandnecessaryforaseriouslackofcapital,themostimportantfactorsofproductionlaborefficiencyandthemarginalopportunitycostshavedroppeddramatically."Therefore,thesurplusrurallaborforceinseasonalandlong-termnatureofexcess,theycanbeunemployed,Inordertosurvive,forcedtofleetheirhomesandstartedalargenumberLiuxi.Inparticular,"Kantothereisno'gold'istheAmoy,isalsodenselypopulatedsouthernChina,theNorthwestbytransportationconstraints,butmoreimportantisboundbyaseriousshortageofwaterresources"suchasocietyasawholelostthepossibilityofregulatingtheinternalsituation,Alargenumberofoverseaslaborflows,theformationofthe19thcenturyinfluxoflaborersabroad.

However,Chinasincethe1980s,withtheruraleconomyandthecontinuousdeepeningofreformsetoffanupsurgeofrurallabourmobility,thereasonsaredifferentfromthepast.

Flowofrurallaborforceofthesocialistmarketeconomicdevelopmentwillinevitablyresult.Inthesocialistmarketeconomy,laborresourcesandotherresources,freeandorderlyflowwasinevitable.Thisinevitabilityfrom:

Firstofall,labourmobilityisthelabormarketcharacteristics.Marketeconomyisinthevariousmarketsintheoperationofthemarketsystem,andthelabormarketisthemarketsysteminanimportantpart.Fromtheoperationofthelabourmarketpointofview,labourmobilityisamechanism,itcancorrectimbalancesinemploymentcouldbereducedbytechnologicalprogressarisingfromtheeconomicstructureislinkedwiththeproblemofunemployment,sothatbyoptimizingtheallocationoflaborresources.Labourmobilityistheessenceofthechoiceoflabormobilityaimedatbetterchoiceofjobs,thepursuitof