日本法律适用通则法英文版word版.docx

日本法律适用通则法英文版word版.docx

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日本法律适用通则法英文版word版

ActontheGeneralRulesofApplicationofLaws

LawNo.10of1898

（asnewlytitledandamended21June2006）

CHAPTER1GENERALRULES

Article1[Purpose]

Thislawshallprovidethegeneralrulesfortheapplicationoflaws.

CHAPTER2GENERALRULESFORSTATUTES

Article2[EffectiveDateofStatutes]

Astatuteshallcomeintoforcefromthetwentiethdayafteritspromulgation.However,whereadifferenteffectivedateisprovidedbythestatute,thatdateshallapply.

Article3[CustomswiththeSameEffectasLaw]

Customsnotcontrarytopublicpolicy（ordrepublic）shallhavethesameeffectaslaw,totheextentthattheyareauthorizedbyastatuteorastatutoryinstrument,orthattheyconcernmattersnototherwiseprescribedbyastatuteorastatutoryinstrument.

CHAPTER3GENERALRULESONAPPLICABLELAW

SECTION1PERSON

Article4[APerson’sLegalCapacity]

（1）Thelegalcapacityofapersonshallbegovernedbyhisorhernationallaw.viii

（2）Notwithstandingtheprecedingparagraph,whereapersonwhohasperformedajuristicactisoffullcapacityunderthelawoftheplacewheretheactwasdone（lexlociactus）,thatpersonshallberegardedashavingfullcapacitytotheextentthatatthetimeofthejuristicact,allthepartiesweresituatedinaplaceunderthesamelaw.

（3）Theprecedingparagraphshallnotapplyeithertoajuristicactgovernedbyfamilylaworsuccessionlaw,ortoajuristicactregardingimmovablessituatedinaplacewherethelawdiffersfromthelexlociactus.

Article5[InitiationofGuardianshiporSimilarProceedings]

Thecourtmayinitiateproceedingsforguardianship,curatorship,orassistance（hereinafterreferredtoas“initiationofguardianshiporsimilarproceedings”）underJapaneselawwherethepersontobesubjecttotheguardianship,curatorship,orassistancehasadomicileorresidenceinJapanorisaJapanesenational.

Article6[DeclarationofDisappearance]

（1）ThecourtmaydeclareapersontohavedisappearedunderJapaneselawwherethe

personwasdomiciledinJapanorwasaJapanesenationalatthetimewhenheorshewaslastrecognizedasalive.

（2）Evenwheretheprecedingparagraphisnotapplicable,thecourtmaydeclareapersontohavedisappearedunderJapaneselawwithregardsonlytothepropertythatthepersonhadinJapanandonlytotheperson’slegalrelationsgovernedbyJapaneselaworotherwiseconnectedtoJapaninlightoftheirnature,thedomicileornationalityofthepersonsconcerned,orothercircumstances.

SECTION2JURISTICACTS

Article7[ChoiceofApplicableLawbytheParties]

Theformationandeffectofajuristicactshallbegovernedbythelawoftheplacechosenbythepartiesatthetimeoftheact.

Article8[IntheAbsenceofaChoiceofApplicableLawbytheParties]

（1）WherethereisnochoiceundertheprecedingArticle,theformationandeffectofajuristicactshallbegovernedbythelawoftheplacewithwhichtheactismostcloselyconnectedatthetimeoftheact.

（2）Forthepurposeoftheprecedingparagraph,whereonlyonepartyistoeffectthecharacteristicperformanceofthejuristicact,itshallbepresumedthatthejuristicactismostcloselyconnectedwiththelawofhisorherhabitualresidence（i.e.,thelawofhisorherplaceofbusinesswherethatplaceofbusinessisrelatedtotheact,orthelawofhisorherprincipalplaceofbusinesswhereheorshehastwoormoreplacesofbusinessrelatedtotheactandwherethoselawsdiffer）.

（3）ForthepurposeofthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,wherethesubjectmatterofthejuristicactisimmovables,notwithstandingtheprecedingparagraph,itshallbepresumedthattheactismostcloselyconnectedwiththelawoftheplacewheretheimmovablesaresituated.

Article9[VariationofApplicableLawbytheParties]

Thepartiesmayvarythelawotherwiseapplicabletotheformationandeffectofajuristicact.However,suchvariationshallnotbeassertedagainstthirdpartieswhereitwouldbeprejudicialtotheirrights.

Article10[FormalitiesofaJuristicAct]

（1）Theformalitiesofajuristicactshallbegovernedbythelawapplicabletotheformationoftheact（whereundertheprecedingArticlethelawwasvariedafterthejuristicact,thelawapplicablebeforethevariationshallgovern）.

（2）Notwithstandingtheprecedingparagraph,formalitiesthatsatisfytherequirementsofthelawoftheplacewheretheactwasdone（lexlociactus）shallbeeffective.

（3）Forthepurposeoftheprecedingparagraph,whereadeclarationofintentisaddressedtoapersonsituatedinaplaceunderadifferentlaw,theplacefromwherethenoticewassentshallbedeemedastheplaceoftheact（locusactus）.

（4）ThesecondandthirdparagraphsofthisArticleshallnotapplytotheformalitiesofacontractconcludedbetweenpartiessituatedinplaceshavingdifferentlaws.Inthiscase,notwithstandingthefirstparagraphofthisArticle,contractformalitiesthatsatisfytherequirementsofeitherthelawoftheplacefromwherethenoticeofofferwassentorthelawoftheplacefromwherethenoticeofacceptancewassentshallbeeffective.

（5）Thesecond,third,andfourthparagraphsofthisArticleshallnotapplytotheformalities

ofajuristicactthatestablishesordisposesofarightinremtomovablesorimmovables,orofarightrequiringregistration.

Article11[SpecialRulesforConsumerContracts]

（1）Regardingtheformationandeffectofacontract（excludinglaborcontracts;hereinafterreferredtointhisArticleas“consumercontract”）betweenaconsumer（i.e.,anindividual,excludingthosecaseswherethepartyactsasabusinessorforabusiness）andabusinessoperator（i.e.,ajuridicalpersonorothercorporateassociation,oranindividualinthosecaseswherethepartyactsasabusinessorforabusiness）,evenwherebychoiceunderArticle7orvariationunderArticle9,theapplicablelawwouldbealawotherthanthatoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,whentheconsumerindicatestothebusinessoperatorhisorherintentionthataparticularmandatoryrulefromwithinthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidenceshouldapply,thismandatoryruleshallalsoapplytothematterscoveredbytheruleconcerningtheconsumercontract’sformationandeffect.

（2）NotwithstandingArticle8,wherenochoiceunderArticle7hasbeenmade,theformationandeffectofaconsumercontractshallbegovernedbythelawoftheconsumer’shabitualResidence.

（3）Inregardstotheformationofaconsumercontract,evenwherealawotherthanthelawofaconsumer’shabitualresidenceischosenunderArticle7,whentheconsumerindicatestothebusinessoperatorhisorherintentionthataparticularmandatoryrulefromwithinthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidenceshouldapplytotheformalitiesoftheconsumercontract,onlythemandatoryruleshallapplytothematterscoveredbytheruleconcerningtheconsumercontract’sformalities,irrespectiveofArticle10,paragraphs1,2,and4.

（4）Wherethelawofaconsumer’shabitualresidenceischosenunderArticle7withregardstotheformationofaconsumercontract,andwhentheconsumerindicatestothebusinessoperatorhisorherintentionthatthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidenceshouldonlyapplytotheformalitiesofaconsumercontract,theformalitiesoftheconsumercontractshallbegovernedonlybythelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,irrespectiveofArticle10,paragraphs2and4.

（5）NotwithstandingArticle10,paragraphs1,2,and4,wherethereisnochoiceunderArticle7withregardstotheformationofthecontract,theformalitiesofaconsumercontractshallbegovernedbythelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence.

（6）Theprecedingparagraphsshallnotapplyinanyofthefollowingcases:

（i）Wherethebusinessoperator’splaceofbusinessthatisassociatedwithaconsumercontractisinaplaceunderalawthatisdifferentfromthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,andwheretheconsumercomestoaplacethathasthesamelawasthatplaceofbusinesstoconcludethecontract.However,excludingcaseswheretheconsumer,whoisintheplaceofhisorherhabitualresidence,isinvitedbythebusinessoperatortoconcludetheconsumercontractintheplacethathasthesamelawastheplaceofbusiness;

（ii）Wherethebusinessoperator’splaceofbusinessthatisassociatedwithaconsumercontractisinaplaceunderalawthatisdifferentfromthelawoftheconsumer’shabitualresidence,andwheretheconsumerhasreceivedorshouldreceivetheperformanceofallobligationsundertheconsumercontractinaplacethathasthesamelawasthatplaceofbusiness.However,excludingcaseswheretheconsumer,whoisintheplaceofhisorherhabitualresidence,isinvitedbythebusinessoperatortohaveallobligationsperformedundertheconsumercontractinaplacethathasthesamelawasthatplaceofbusiness;

（iii）Whereatthetimeofcontractingthebusinessoperatordidnotknowtheconsumer’shabitualresidenceandtherewerereasonablegroundsfornotknowingthis;or

（iv）Whereatthetimeofcontractingthebusinessoperatormistooktheotherpartyofthecontractfornotbeingaconsumerandtherewerereasonablegroundsforthismistake.

Article12[SpecialRulesforLaborContracts]

（1）EvenwherebychoiceunderArticle7orvariationunderArticle9,theapplicablelawtotheformationandeffectofalaborcontractisalawotherthanthelawwithwhichthecontractismostcloselyconnected,whentheemployeeindicatestotheemployerhisorherintentionthataparticularmandatoryrulefromwithinthelawoftheplacewithwhichtheemployeeismostcloselyconnectedshouldapply,thismandatoryrule