考研英语一真题及参考答案.docx
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考研英语一真题及参考答案
SectionIUseofEnglish
Directions:
Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
Today,weliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigationappsareallavailableonoursmartphones.1ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoodswithoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwerealize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can’tfindnorth,afewtricksmayhelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichistofollowtheland.
Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinacompletely7areaofland,youhavetoanswertwoquestions:
Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?
Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?
Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,andonsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyoufind,youshould10seesignsofpeople.
Ifyou’veexploredtheareabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights–youmaybe11howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.
Another12:
Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17?
lightsources,suchasfiresandstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.
18,assumingyou’relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookforthe19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeaturescan20youtocivilization.
1.A.FewB.MostC.SomeD.All
2.A.putB.takeC.runD.come
3.A.SinceB.UntilC.ThoughD.If
4.A.formallyB.literallyC.graduallyD.relatively
5.A.aroundB.awayC.backD.next
6.A.ontoB.alongC.acrossD.off
7.A.unattractiveB.unfamiliarC.unchangedD.uncrowded
8.A.wayB.pointC.siteD.place
9.A.InsteadB.YetC.SoD.Besides
10.A.immediatelyB.eventuallyC.unexpectedlyD.intentionally
11.A.frightenedB.annoyedC.surprisedD.confused
12.A.problemB.resultC.viewD.option
13.A.AboveallB.ForexampleC.OnaverageD.Incontrast
14.A.spotB.avoidC.bridgeD.separate
15.A.fromB.underC.beyondD.through
16.A.postsB.breaksC.shadesD.links
17.A.hiddenB.mysteriousC.artificialD.limited
18.A.FinallyB.ConsequentlyC.IncidentallyD.Generally
19.A.memoriesB.belongingsC.notesD.marks
20.A.leadB.adaptC.restrictD.expose
SectionIIReadingComprehension
PartA
Directions:
Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)
Text1
FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebossesofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbedelayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themainpurposeofthis“clawback”ruleistoholdbankersaccountableforharmfulrisk-takingandtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuchlargerbenefit:
morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutbyallcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.
“Short-termism,”orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytradedcompanies,saystheBankofEngland’stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesagiantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatienceasactinglike“childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.
TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,henotes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transientinvestors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm’seffortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeendubbed“quarterlycapitalism.”
Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong-terminvesting,”saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesandExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.
IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniestodeferperformancebonusesforseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelpingreduce“short-termism.”InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfindsthat“asubstantialpart”ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.
Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termism,”suchaschangesinthetaxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswhoholdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmorevotingrightsinacompany.
Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesforexecutivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofallstakeholders.Britain’snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestintheirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutforthelongterm.
21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto
A.guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.
B.enhancebankers’senseofresponsibility.
C.buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.
D.helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.
22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate
A.thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.
B.governments’impatienceindecision-making.
C.theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.
D.“short-termism”ineconomicactivities.
23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe
A.minimal.
B.indirect.
C.adverse.
D.temporary.
24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate
A.theapproachestopromoting“long-termism.”
B.theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.
C.thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.
D.theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism.”
25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
A.DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives
B.FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism
C.PatienceasaCorporateVirtue
D.FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers
Text2
Gradeinflation–thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)overthepastfewdecades–isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhighereducation,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,relatedforce–apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“gradeforgiveness”–ishelpingraiseGPAs.
Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceivedalowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcountsincalculatingastudent’soverallGPA.
Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascollegescontinuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)andimprovetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwasusuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirstyeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmostcolleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andevengraduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.
Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessislessaboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescriticaltotheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.“Ultimately,”saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity’sregistrar,“weseestudentsachievemoresuccessbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormasterthecontentthatallowsthemtograduateontime.”
Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges’ownneedsaswell.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetricssuchasgraduationratesandstudentretention–sobettergradescan,byboostingfigureslikethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymakestudents–who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill–feelthey’vegottenabettervaluefortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.
Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingtoconsumers’expectationsforhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpectacollegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnoutgraduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible–oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students’andcolleges’incentivesseemtobealigned.
26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?
A.Colleges’neglectofGPAs.
B.Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.
C.Students’indifferencetoGPAs.
D.Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.
27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?
A.Tomaintaincolleges’graduationrates.
B.Toincreaseuniversities’incomefromtuition.
C.Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.
D.Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.
28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto
A.obtainmorefinancialsupport.
B.improvetheirteachingquality.
C.boosttheirstudentenrollments.
D.meetlocalgovernments’needs.
29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned”(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?
A.Tocounterbalanceeachother.
B.Tobecontradictorytoeachother.
C.Tobeidenticalwitheachother.
D.Tocomplementeachother.
30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby
A.asse