应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译.docx
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应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版课后答案和课文翻译
应用化学专业英语第二版万有志主编版(课后答案和课文翻译)
Unit1TheRootsofChemistry
I.Comprehension.
1.C2.B3.D4.C5.B
II.Makeasentenceoutofeachitembyrearrangingthewordsinbrackets.
1.Thepurificationofanorganiccompoundisusuallyamatterofconsiderabledifficulty,anditisnecessarytoemployvariousmethodsforthispurpose.
2.Scienceisanever-increasingbodyofaccumulatedandsystematizedknowledgeandisalsoanactivitybywhichknowledgeisgenerated.
3.Life,afterall,isonlychemistry,infact,asmallexampleofchemistryobservedonasinglemundaneplanet.
4.Peoplearemadeofmolecules;someofthemoleculesinpeoplearerathersimplewhereasothersarehighlycomplex.
5.Chemistryiseverpresentinourlivesfrombirthtodeathbecausewithoutchemistrythereisneitherlifenordeath.
6.Mathematicsappearstobealmostashumankindandalsopermeatesallaspectsofhumanlife,althoughmanyofusarenotfullyawareofthis.
III.Translation.
1.(a)chemicalprocess(b)naturalscience(c)thetechniqueofdistillation
2.Itistheatomsthatmakeupiron,water,oxygenandthelike/andsoon/andsoforth/andotherwise.
3.Chemistryhasaverylonghistory,infact,humanactivityinchemistrygoesbacktoprerecordedtimes/predatingrecordedtimes.
4.Accordingto/Fromtheevaporationofwater,peopleknow/realizedthatliquidscanturn/be/changeintogasesundercertainconditions/circumstance/environment.
5.Youmustknowthepropertiesofthematerialbeforeyouuseit.
IV.Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一,另外两种是物理和生物。
自从宇宙大爆炸以来,化学过程持续进行,甚至地球上生命的出现可能也是化学过程的结果。
人们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果,第一步非常快,其余两步相当慢。
这三步是:
(I)物理进化(化学元素的产生),(II)化学进化(分子和生物分子的形成);和(III)生物进化(有机物的形成和发展)。
V.Solution:
Cu3(AsO4)2
copper(
)arsenate
Cr(C2H3O2)3
chromium(
)acetate
IV.Acidnamesmaybeobtaineddirectlyfromitsacidionbychangingthenameoftheacidion(negativeion).Usetheruletogivethenameofthefollowingacid.
Formulaofacid
Oldname
Nameofacid
H2CO3
carbonicacid
HClO2
chlorousacid
HClO4
perchloricacid
HCN
hydrocyanicacid
HBr
hydrobromicacid
H4SiO4
silicicacid
H3AsO4
arsenicacid
V.Completethesentenceswiththeproperformofthewordgivenattheendofthesentence.
1.isaltered;2.Toillustrate3.indicates4.shouldexpect5.wouldcancel
6.arepulled7.dependon8.are;referred9.formed10.havediscussed
VI.Translation
1.Mattercanneitherbecreatednorbedestroyed/eliminated.
2.Itisnecessarythatascientistmustknowhowtousefingurestogetanaccutateanswertoquestion.
3.Anysubstanceismadeofatomswhetheritissolid,liquidorgas.
4.Theexperimentwassuccessful.It’sresultswasthesameaswhatwehadexpected.
5.Itwillnotbelongbeforewefinishtheexperiment.
VII.Writeequationsforthefollowingacid-basereactions.Usetheinformationininorganictextbooktopredictwhethertheequilibriumwillfavorthereactantsortheproducts.(PartiallySolved)
Solutinto(a):
CyanideistheconjugatebaseofHCN.Itcanacceptaprotonfromformicacid:
Readingfrominorganictextbook,formicacid(pKa=3.76)isastrongeracidthanHCN(pKa=9.22),andcyanideisastrongerbasethanformate.Theproducts(weakeracidandbase)arefavored.
…………..
VIII.Writeequationsforthenetreactionswhichoccurwhenthefollowingmaterialsareaddedtoasodium-ammoniasolution.
Answer:
(1)2CH3GeH3+2eam-→H2+2CH3GeH2-
(2)I2+2eam-→2I-
(3)(C2H5)2S+2eam-+NH3→C2H5S-+C2H6+NH2-
Unit10NomenclatureofHydrocarbons
I.Comprehension
1.C2.D3.B4.A5.B6.B
II.NamethefollowingcompoundsbytheIUPACsystem
1
CH3(CH2)nCH3(n=2,3,4,6,respectively)
butane,pentane,hexane,octane
2
(CH3)2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
2-methylpentane
3
(CH3)3C-CH2-CH(C2H5)-CH2-CH3
4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
4
(CH3)2CH-CH2CH2-CH(CH2CH2CH3)-CH(CH3)2
5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane
5
CH3-CH2-CH2-C(CH2CH2CH3)2-CH(CH3)2
4-isopropyl-4-propylheptane
6
◇-CH2-CH(CH3)2
isobutylcyclobutane
7
CH2=C(C2H5)(CH(CH3)2)
2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
8
CH3-CH2-CH=CH-CHCl-CH3
2-chloro-3-hexene
9
CH3-CH(CH3)-CH(C2H5)-C≡C-CH3
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne
10
CH2=CH-C≡CH
1-buten-3-yne
11
(CH3)2CH-CH2CH(OH)CH3
4-methyl-2-pentanol
12
CH3CH2CH=CHCH(OH)CH3
3-hexen-2-ol
13
(CH3)3C-OH
2-methyl-2-propanol
14
(CH3)3C-OCH2H5
2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
15
(CH3)2CH-CH2-O-C2H5
1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
16
(CH2OH)2
1,2-ethanediol
17
CH3-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)
1,2-proanediol
18
CH2(OH)-CH(OH)-CH2(OH)
1,2,3-propanetriol
19
CH3CH2NH2
aminoethane
20
CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH-NH-CH3
N-methyl-1-amino-2-methylpentane
III.Drawstructuresforthefollowingcompounds.
1
3-octene
C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
2
3-methy-2-heptene
3
cyclohexene
4
2-pentyne
C-C≡C-C-C
5
3,3-dimethylhexyne
6
3-bromotoluene
7
vinylchloride
C=C-Cl
8
acetylene
C≡C
9
para-dichlorobenzene
10
m-chlorobromobenzene
11
toluene
12
chlorobenzene
13
1,2-dibromobenzene
14
naphthalene
15
anthracene
16
phenanthrene
17
2-methyl-1-propanol
18
Cyclohexanol
19
Methoxyethene
20
trans-2-ethoxycyclohexanol
IV.Decidewhichitembestcompleteseachunfinishedsentence.
1.A2.A3.B4.C
V.Eachofthefollowingnamesisincorrect.Drawthestructurerepresentedbytheincorrectname(oraconsistentstructureifthenameisambiguous),andgiveyourdrawingthecorrectname.
(…………)
Unit11CarboxylicAcidsandTheirDerivatives
I.Comprehension
1.B2.B3.C4.D5.A6.C
II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.
1.broughtout2.dozenorso;puttogether3.aremadeof;dividedby4.aredifferentfrom5.onthecontrary;consistof6.summedup7.standfor8.suchas9.are;dependenton10.breakdowninto
III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.
1.with;as2.to3.about4.from5.into
IV.Translation
1.Similarly,solventalsomaynotbeliquidmatterbuttheothers
2.Agraphplottingsolubilityagainsttemperatureiscalledasolubilitycurve.
(Thecurveplotdrawn(made/produced)bysolubilityasonecoordinateandtemperatureasanothercoordinateiscalledsolubilitycurve.)
3.Airismixtureofgases,themostabundantofwhichisnitrogenintheformofN2(molecules).
4.Thedirectionofthereactionandthepositionoftheequilibriummayalsobeaffectedbythetemperature,pressure,andotherconditions.
5.Hydrogenhasagreataffinityforoxygenandeasilycombineswithittoformwater.
V.Translation
玻意尔(Bohr)模型提出不久后,人们就发现原子中的电子比Bohr提出的模型要复杂得多。
实验证实电子既有粒子的性质(质量)也有光的特性(波的特性)。
因为它的两重性,电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单粒子,而且如Bohr所说的,如果电子高速运动,我们就不能确切地知道它的位置。
Unit13UltravioletandVisibleMolecularSpectroscopy
I.Comprehension
1.C2.D3.D4.D5.B
II.Fillintheblanks
of;as;in;out;In;for;for;of;in;then;to;for;since(for);into.
III.Filltheblankineachsentencewithanappropriatephraseinitsproperform.
1.accountfor2.takepartin3.thinkof….as4.Ascomparedwith
5.isattachedto6.onthecontrary7.Asinthecaseof8.incontrastwithasagainst9.owingto10.Exceptfor.
Unit17Crystallisation
I.Comprehension
1.D2.A3.A4.D5.A
II.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow.
Stage;interna;symmetrical;basis;physical;Furthermore;composed;responsible;reasonable;overall.
III.Choosetheitemfrom
(1)~(6)thatbestmatchestheitemin(a)~(f)tomakeacorrectsentence.
1~a;2~b;3~c;4~d;5~e;6~f
.TranslatethefollowingintoChinese
共沸物;类质同晶;过饱和;砷酸盐;晶核;异丙基;醇;钠;硫酸盐;间甲酚;糖膏;
十水合物;结晶质的;同系物;衍生物;结晶;四硼酸盐;盐析;乙基乙酰苯胺;矿物油。
Uint18Distillation
I.Comprehension
1.B2.D3.A4.A
II.Fillintheblankswiththephrasesgivenbelow.
1.Inorderto2.inrelationto3.inthecaseof4.intheend
5.inanumberof6.leadto7.amessyway
掌握以下词汇:
flashdistillation闪蒸;exitstream出流;equilibriumcurve平衡曲线;weir堰;
redistillation重蒸;apparatus设备;overheadproduct塔顶产物;enthalpy焓;intersection交点;auxiliary辅助装置;rectifyingsection精馏段;reflux回流;
reboller再沸器;strippingsection汽提(提馏)段;bottomproduct塔底产物
Unit21catalysis
I.Comprehension
1.A2.D3.D4.B5.C
.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish
(1)Wedefineactivityassize(measure)ofcatalysisofcatalyst
(2)catalyticreactionmaybecarriedoutindifferentphases,ofwhichmechanismsaregenerallyconsistent
(3)Enzymesarethemostefficientproteinsinthehumanbodywhichacceleratethemetabolismofthehumanbody.
.TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish
reactionequilibrium;repetitiveness;elementaryreactionstep;stability;catalyticcycle;activity;quantitativeanalysis;selectivity;metabolicreaction;chemicalenergy;reactionmechanism;polymernylon(ornylon);qualitativeanalysis;molecular-sieve;tubularreactor;inhibitor;stoichiometry.
Unit22Cosmeticsintroduction
I.Comprehension
1.D2.A3.D4.D5.
(1)True;
(2)True;(3)False.
II.Fillintheblankswiththeproperwordgivenbelow.
Focusedon;considerations;particular;boosting;price;affect;commitment;
different;proposed.
III.Putinproperprepositionsoradverbsintotheblanks.
1.for,of;2.to;3.for4.for(to)5.of,about.
、TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.
对亚苯基二胺,降解,丙烯,头皮屑,洗剂,N-亚硝基二乙醇胺,致癌的,未成熟(or早熟),香波(or洗发剂),激素(荷尔蒙),防汗剂,诱变性,脱臭剂(芳香剂),推论(必然结果),甘油
、TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish
surfactant;environmentalpollution;emulsifier;side-effect;dirt;detergent;perspiration;preservative.
PARTTWOTHEFUNDATIONSOFCHEMISTRY
Unit7ChemicalBonds
化学键
Thereareapproximately100chemicalelements.
世界上大概有100种元素。
Therearemillionsofchemicalcompound,andabout600000newcompoundsarepreparedeveryyear.
现有数百万种化合物,而且每年有60万种新化合物被合成出来。
Toformthesecompounds,atomsofdifferentelementsmustbeheldtogetherinspecificcombi