外文翻译考察城乡收入差距.docx

外文翻译考察城乡收入差距.docx

《外文翻译考察城乡收入差距.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《外文翻译考察城乡收入差距.docx（9页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

外文翻译考察城乡收入差距

2200单词，11900英文字符，3468汉字

出处：

ChristofidesCA,NeelakantanP,BehrT.ExaminingtheRural-UrbanIncomeGap[J].

本科毕业论文外文翻译

考察城乡收入差距

院（系、部）名称：

财经学院

专业名称：

财务会计教育

学生姓名：

学生学号：

指导教师：

2010年11月10日

ExaminingtheRural-UrbanIncomeGap

C.A.Christofides,PatsNeelakantan,ToddBehr

ThereisanincomegapbetweenruralandurbanPennsylvania,and,sincethe1980s,thisgaphasbeengrowing.Thesearejustsomeofthefindingsfromresearch,completedin2005,whichlookedat30yearsofdatafromtheU.S.CensusBureau,theU.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysis,andthePennsylvaniaDepartmentsofRevenue,LaborandIndustry,Education,Health,Welfare,andCommunityandEconomicDevelopment.

TolearnifthereisameasurableincomegapbetweenandwithinPennsylvania’sruralandurbancountiesandtoidentifythecausesofthegap,ifitinfactexisted,theresearcherssetouttoidentifyandanalyzefactorsaffectingincomegrowthinruralPennsylvaniaandtocompareruralincomegrowthwithurbanincomegrowth.

Theresearchersfoundthat,in2001,thepercapitaincomeinruralPennsylvaniawas$23,941,whilethepercapitaincomeinurbanPennsylvaniawas$32,578:

this$8,637percapitaincomegapbetweenruralandurbanPennsylvaniahadincreasedsincethe1980s.Theresearchersalsofoundthatcertainfactors,suchaseducationalattainment,workforceparticipation,andnationaleconomictrends,tendedtoaffectincomegrowthinruralPennsylvania.Otherresearchfindingswerethat:

theincomegapbetweenupperandlowerincomehouseholdshadincreasedwithineveryPennsylvaniacountyfrom1980to1998;variablesaffectingurbanincomegrowthweresimilartovariablesaffectingruralincomegrowth;andtaxesassessedatthelocalandcountylevelshadnosignificanteffectonpersonalincomewithinPennsylvaniacounties.

Toclosetheruralurbanincomegap,theresearchersrecommendedfocusingeffortstoincreaseeducationalattainmentandrurallaborforceparticipation.

In1991,theCenterforRuralPennsylvaniapublishedareportentitled“TheWideningRural-UrbanIncomeGap:

PastTrendorForecastforthe1990s.”Thisreportnoteda$4,700incomegapbetweenruralandurbanareasandthesteadyincreaseinthegapduringthe1980s.

Thisresearch,whichwascompletedin2005,revisitedtheearlierstudyandfoundthattheincomegapbetweenruralandurbanPennsylvaniaisstillpresentandcontinuestoincrease.Theresearchalsolookedatthecausesoftheincomegapandfactorsthathavecausedthegaptoincrease.

FINDINGS

IncomegapexistsbetweenPennsylvania’sruralandurbancounties

WithinPennsylvania,incomeswerenotevenlydistributed.In2001,17percentofthetotalpersonalincomewithinthestatewasfoundinruralcountiesand83percentwasinurbancounties.Nearlyonehalfoftheincomeinthestatewasfoundinsixcounties:

Allegheny,Philadelphia,Montgomery,Chester,Delaware,andBucks.

Evenonapercapitabasis,incomeswerenotevenlydistributed.In2001,thepercapitaincomeinPennsylvaniaruralcountieswas$23,941,whileinurbancountiesthepercapitaincomewas$32,578,or$8,637higher.WithinPennsylvania,thehighestpercapitaincomeswereinMontgomery,Chester,andBuckscounties,eachwithincomesinexcessof$38,900.ThelowestpercapitaincomeswerefoundinTioga,Greene,andHuntingdoncounties,wherethepercapitaincomewaslessthan$20,500.

Nationally,therewasasimilarpatterninincomedisparity.In2001,16percentoftotalpersonalincomewasinruralcountiesand84percentwasinurbancounties.Thedisparityinincomesisfurtherillustratedbythefactthat50percentofthetotalincomeintheU.S.canbefoundinonly100ofthemorethan3,000countiesnationwide.

IncomegaphasgrownbetweenPennsylvania’sruralandurbancounties

Percapitaincomesinruralandurbancountiesincreasedbetween1969and2001.Meanwhile,therehasbeenapersistentgapinpercapitaincomebetweenPennsylvania’sruralandurbancounties.In1969,therewasa19percentgapbetweenruralandurbanpercapitaincomes,andoverthenext32years,thatgapwidenedto25percent.

Totalpersonalincomeinitiallygrewfasterinruralcountiesrelativetourbancountiesbetween1969and2001,decreasingthegapearlyon.However,mostoftheruralgrowthoccurredbetween1969and1979,afterwhichruralincomegrowthslowedwhileurbanincomegrowthaccelerated.Inaddition,urbancountieshavebeenlosingpopulationwhileruralcountieshavebeengainingpopulation.Thisincreaseintheruralpopulation,alongwiththeslowerpersonalincomegrowthrates,hasdepressedruralpercapitaincomerelativetourbanpercapitaincome.

Shiftinsourcesofincome

AccordingtotheU.S.BureauofEconomicAnalysis,personalincomecomesfromthreedifferentsources:

wagesandsalary;interest,dividendsandrent（investments）;andtransferpayments.Wagesandsalaryarereferredtoas“earnedincome,”whiledividends,interest,andrent,andtransferpayments,suchasunemploymentcompensation,pensions,andSocialSecurity,areconsideredunearnedincome.AsFigure3shows,about62percentofruralincomecomesfromearnedsourcesand38percentcomefromunearnedsources.

Overtime,thepercentageofincomefromearnedsourceshasdeclinedwhileincomefromunearnedsourceshasincreased.,In1969,nearly78percentofallruralincomecamefromearnedsources;however,by2001,thispercentagedroppedtolessthan62percent.Urbanareas,andthenationasawhole,havealsoexperiencedasimilarincomeshift.

Thisshiftdoesnotmeanthatwageshavedeclined.Instead,itsuggeststhatunearnedsourcesofincomehavebecomemoreprominent.Forexample,between1969and2001,40percentoftheincreaseinincomewasattributedtogrowthinunearnedincome.

Percapitaincomechanges

Between1969and2001,percapitaincomeinPennsylvania’sruralcountiesincreased645percent,notadjustedforinflation.Amongthestate’surbancountiestherewasa710percentincrease.ThecountieswiththehighestincreasewereBucks,Centre,Chester,andMontour,eachwithanincreaseofmorethan800percent.

Incomedistributionwithincounties

Toestimatethedistributionofincomewithineachcounty,theresearchersusedtheGinicoefficient,whichiswidelyusedtomeasurethedegreeofhouseholdincomeinequalitybyusingavaluethatrangesbetween0and1.Avalueof0meansthatincomeswithinagrouparedistributedequally,whileavalueof1meansthatincomesaredistributedunequally.

Factorsinfluencingtherural-urbanincomegap

Nationaleconomy

Thesizeoftheincomegapissensitivetonationaleconomictrends.Beforethe1981-1982recession,thegapbetweenruralandurbanpercapitaincomeswas,onaverage,17percent.Afterthisrecession,thegapincreasedtoanaverageof23percent.ThechangeinruralPennsylvania’spercapitaincomecloselyfollowschangesinthenationalgrossdomesticproduce（orGDP）.TheGDPrepresentsthedollarvalueofallfinalgoodsandservicesproducedintheU.S.inayear.Duringprosperousyears,ruralincomeincreasedandduringlessprosperousyears,ruralincomedecreased.ThissuggeststhatincomesinruralPennsylvaniaarenotseparatefromnationaleconomictrends.

Theeconometricmodelusedintheresearchsuggeststhatevery$1billionincreaseinGDPcontributestoan86-centincreaseintheincomegapbetweenruralandurbanPennsylvania.Between1969and2001,thenation’sGDPincreasedby$9.2trillionwhilethegapbetweenruralandurbanpercapitaincomesincreasedbynearly$7,900.

Populationchange

TotalpersonalincomeinruralPennsylvaniagrewatafasterratethanthepopulation.Between1969and2001,thepopulationinruralPennsylvaniaincreased17percent,whiletotalpersonalincomeincreasednearly770percent.Duringthesameperiod,thepopulationinurbanPennsylvaniaincreasedonly2percentwhiletotalpersonalincomeincreased725percent.Althoughtheruralpopulationgrewmorerapidly,thegrowthofruraltotalpersonalincomedidnotkeeppace,andthishelpedtodepressruralpercapitaincomerelativetourbanpercapitaincome.

Shiftinemploymentandwages

BothruralandurbancountiesinPennsylvaniahaveseensignificantdeclinesinmanufacturingemploymentbetween1969and2000andalargeincreaseinserviceemployment.Thispatternalsooccurrednationally.Theshiftinemploymentwasmirroredbyashiftinearnings.In1969,36percentofallearningscamefrommanufacturingjobs,andonly12percentcamefromservicejobs.Thirty-oneyearslater,manufacturingearningsaccountedfor24percentofallearningsandserviceearningsaccountedfor22percent.Therewasasimilarshiftinthestate’surbancounties.

Despiteitsdecline,manufacturingisstillthelargestincomesourceforresidentsinruralcounties.However,itisimportanttonotethat,unlikepersonalincomedata,whichisrecordedbyplaceofresidence,employmentandearningsdataarerecordedbyplaceofwork.

Theeffectoftheemploymentandearningshiftfrommanufacturingtoserviceontherural-urbanincomegapwasverysmall.TheemploymentandearningshiftaffectedbothruralandurbanPennsylvaniaatroughlythesametime.Asaresult,thisshiftwasnotprimarilyresponsibleforthewideningincomegapbetweenruralandurbanareas.Inaddition,thoughmanybelievethatmanufacturingjobspaymorethanservicejobs,manymanufacturingjobs,suchasthoseinthetextileindustry,payrelativelylowwages,whileservicejobs,suchasthoseintheeducationandhealthcaresectors,payrelativelyhighwages.Inaddition,thedegreeofunionization,theageandeducationofworkers,andnumerousotherfacto