英国文学上复习.docx

英国文学上复习.docx

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英国文学上复习

ChapterITheAnglo-SaxonPeriod（450---1066）

1.TheAnglo-SaxonsettlementinEngland（inthe4thand5thcenturies）

----SmallkingdomswerecombinedintoaunitedkingdomcalledEngland；thethreetribes（Angles,SaxonandJutes）mixedintoawholepeoplecalledEnglishandthethreedialectgrewintoasinglelanguagecalledAnglo-Saxon---OldEnglish.

---TheAnglo-Saxonperiodwitnessedatransitionfromtribalsocietytofeudalism.

2.“Beowulf”---thenationalepicoftheAnglo-SaxonandEnglishpeople.

---alongpoemofabout3,000lines;afolklegendbroughttoEnglandbytheAnglo-Saxonsandpassedfrommouthtomouthforhundredsofyearsbeforeitwaswrittendowninthe10thcentury.

3.TheAnglo-SaxonChronicle---animportanthistorybookaswellasapieceofliterarywork（undertheguidanceofKingAlfred）

ChapterIITheNormanPeriod（1066--1350）

1.TheNormanconquestunderDukeWilliamin1066

---TheNormanConquestmarkstheestablishmentoffeudalisminEngland

2.MiddleEnglish

---TheEnglishlanguagewasgreatlyenrichedbytheNormanconquestsandalargenumberofFrenchwordswereabsorbed.

3.TheBlackDeath（1348-1349）

4.TheRomance---themostprevalentkindofliteratureinfeudalEngland

---alongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofknights.

---thecontentofromance:

love,chivalryandreligion

---therearemanycyclesofArthurianromances,amongwhich“SirGawainandtheGreenKnight”ismostfamousandstillkeptreading.

5.“PiersPlowman”---alongalliterativepoembyWilliamLangland

---thestorytakestheformofanallegory,butitgivesarealisticpictureof14thcenturyEngland.

---abitterandincisesatiredirectingatthesocialvicesofthetime.

ChapterIIITheAgeofChaucer（1350---1400）

1.TheHundredYear’sWar（1337---1453）

---aseriesofwarsfoughtbetweentheEnglishkingsandtheFrenchkingsfortheFrenchthrone

2.Thepeasantuprisingof1381

---thedirectresultofexploitationandoppressionofthepeasantsbythefeudallords.

3.GeoffreyChaucer（1340---1400）

---“thefatherofEnglishpoetry”（byJohnDryden）andthefounderofEnglishrealisticliterature:

thegreatestliteratebeforeShakespeare

---importantworks:

TheRomauntoftheRose,TroilusandCriseydeandTheCanterburyTales

Others:

TheHouseofFame,TheBookoftheDuchess

4.About“TheCanterburyTales”

---Chaucer’smasterpieceandoneofthemonumentalworksinEnglishliterature

---avividandcomprehensivepictureofChaucer’stime

---writteninheroiccouplet；humorandsatire

ChapterIVTheFifteenthCentury（1400---1550）

1.TheWaroftheRoses（1455---1485）

---aseriesofcivilwarsfoughtbetweentwogreatfamiliesfortheEnglishthrone

2.PopularBallads

---oneofthemainstreamofEnglishliteratureinthe15thcentury:

folkliterature

---balladmeter:

4-linestanzas

---“RobinHoodBallads”,dealingwiththefamousoutlawRobinHoodandhismen

ChapterVTheEnglishRenaissance（1550---1642）

1.Historicalbackground

---ThereignofQueenElizabeth:

aperiodofpeaceandprosperity

---ThedefeatofSpanishfleet“Armada”（1588）

---Theenclosuremovement:

bringingaboutthedevelopmentinindustry

---TheAuthorizedVersionofBibleortheKingJamesBible（UndertheauspicesofJamesI.1611）

---TheRenaissanceandHumanism

2.ThomasMore（1478---1535）

---thegreatestoftheEnglishhumanists:

theauthorof“Utopia”,aidealstate:

“liberty,FraternityandEquality”;writtenintheformofaconversationbetweenMoreandareturnedvoyager:

theexistenceofprivatepropertyispointedoutasthesourceofallsocialevilsandinjustices.

3.TheFloweringofpoetry

1）SirThomasWyattandEarlofSurrey

---BothofthemintroducedsonnetformItalytoEngland,oneofthemostpopularverseformsforthenexthalfcentury.Surrey,alsowroteinhistranslationofVirgil’s“Aeneid”,thefirstEnglishblankverse,theformofpoetrytobemasterlyhandledbyShakespeareandMilton.

2）SirPhilipSidney

---Well-knownasapoetandcriticofpoetry:

AstrophelandStella---acollectionoflovesonnets:

ApologyforPoetry---oneoftheearliestEnglishliteraryessays.

3）EdmundSpenser---“thePoets’poet”

---Hehadanexceptionalcommandoflanguage,ofverbalmusic,ofgivingpoetryanexaltedanddream-likefeeling.

---importantworks:

TheShepherd’sCalendar,Amoetti（aseriesof88sonnetsprintedwith“Epitalamion”）

“FaerieQueene”（dedicatedtoQueenElizabeth:

Spenser’smasterpiecewritteninaspecialverseformwhichhassincebeencalledtheSpenserianStanza）

4）MichaelDrayton

---aversatilepoet;bestknownforhisbeautifulsonnet“Sincethere’snohelp,comeletuskissandpart”

5）WilliamShakespeare

---twonarrativepoems:

VenusandAndonis,TheRapeofLucrece

---asequeceof154sonnets（rhymingscheme:

ababcdcdefefgg）

6）GeorgeChapman:

famousforhistranslationofHomer

4.TheFloweringofDrama:

thehighestgloryoftheEnglishRenaissance

1）Theearlyformofdrama:

miracleplay,moralityplay,interludeandtheclassicaldrama

2）Theuniversitywits:

adramaticcircle;theimmediatepredecessorsofShakespeare;furnishedtheElizabethanstagewithalargepartofitsrepertoire

3）ThomasKyd

---HisTheSpanishTragedy,atragedyofbloodandrevenge,anticipatedShakespeare’s“Hamlet”

4）ChristopherMarlowe:

themostgiftedof“theuniversitywits”

---importantworks:

Tamburlaine,TheJewofMaltaandDoctorFanstus

---Theseplaysshow,invariousways,thespiritoftherisingbourgeoisie,itsinsatiableappetiteforpower,moneyanknowledge.

---HismasterpieceisDoctorFaustus,inwhichDr.Faustussellshissoultothedevil（Mephistopheles）inreturnforthepromiseofeternallife.

---ItisMarlowewhofirstmadeblankversetheprincipleinstrumentofEnglishdrama.Hewasalsofamousforhis“mightyline”

5）RobertGreene:

oneoftheuniversitywits;famousforhisattackonShakespeareas“anup-startcrowbeautifulwithourfeathers”

6）WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）

---Playsinchronologicalorder:

（seeHistoryBookPP.67-68）

---importantworksandtheirmajorcharacters:

HenryVIIandHenryV（History）:

PrinceHenry,SirJohnFalstaff

“RomeoandJuliet”（RomanticTragedy）:

Romeo,Juliet

“JuliusCaesar”（HistoricalTragedy）:

Caesar,Brutus,Antony

Thegreatcomedies:

TheMerchantsofVenice:

Portia,Bassanio,Antonio,Shylock

Asyoulikeit:

Rosalind,Orlando,Celia,Oliver,Jacques

TwelfthNight:

Viola,Oliva,Malvolio,SirToby

MuchAdoAboutNothing:

Beatrice,Benedick,Malaprop,Dogberry

TheGreattragedies:

Othello:

Othello,Desdemona,Iage

KingLear:

kingLear,Corelia,Goneril,Regain

Macbeth:

Macbeth,LadyMacbeth,Banquo,Macduff

Hamlet:

princeHamlet,Claudius,Ophelia,Polonius

Thetragic-comediesorromances:

TheTempest:

Prospero,Miranda

Cymbeline

TheWinter’sTale

Shakespeare’scharacterportrayal,plotconstruction,masteryoflanguageaswellashishumanistideas

ChapterVITheSeventeenthCentury（1603-1688）

1.Historicalbackground

1）TheoutburstoftheEnglishRevolution（1642）

2）CharlesIwasbeheadedin1649andEnglandbecameacommonwealth

3）Thesplitwithintherevolutionarycampandtherestoration.

4）TheGloriousRevolution（1688）andEnglandhasbecomeacountryofconstitutionalmonarchy

2.FrancisBacon（1561-1626）

---thefirstgreatEnglishprosewriter;hisessaysbeganthelongtraditionoftheEnglishessayinthehistoryofEnglishliterature;“therealprogenitorofEnglishmaterialismandexperimentalsciencesofmoderntimesingeneral”（byMarx）

---Bacon’s58essayswerepublishedin1625.Theyaretheauthor’sreflectionsandcomments,mostlyonratherabstractsubjects,suchas“OfTruth”,“OfFriendship”,and“ofRiches”.Theyareknownfortheirconcisenessandbrevity,simplicityandforcefulness,practicalityandversatility.

3.MetaphysicalPoets

1）Themainthemesarelove,deathandreligion;characterizedbymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.ThechiefrepresentativeofthisschoolwasJohnDonne.

2）JohnDonne（1572-1631）

---Hisbest-knownpoetrymaybedividedintotwoparts---lovepoetryandreligionpoetry.HisSongsandSonnetsareargumentsaboutlove:

thetoneisdirect,passionate;thediscussionsophisticated.HehadagreatinfluenceonmodernpoetssuchasT.S.EliotandW.B.Yeats.

3）GeorgeHerbert:

thesaintofthemetaphysicalschool

ThelyricsinTheTempleuseunusualimagerytoexpresshisreligionsexperience

4）AndrewMarvell:

famousforhislyric“TohisCoyMistress”

4.TheCavalierPoets:

---Theywerelyricalpoets,anddealtchieflywiththethemeofloveandthethemeof“Carpediem”;markedbycourtliness,urbanityandpolish.ThechiefrepresentativewasBenJonson.

5.BenJonson（1572-1637）

1）thebest-knowncontemporaryandsuccessorofShakespeare;adramatist,apoetlaureateandacritic;famousforhiscomediesofHumor;therepresentativeofthecavalierpoets;theauthorofthebeautifullyric“ToCelia”startingwith“Drinktomewiththineeyes”

2）Hisimportantworks:

“EveryManinHisHumor”,“TheAlchemist”and“Volpone”---hismasterpiece

3）Hewasanadvocateofclassicdramaandtookafirmstandforthe“threeunities”.

6.RobertHerrick

---afollowerofBenJonson,famousforhislyric“TotheVirgins”startingwith“Gatheryerosebudswhileyemay”

7.JohnMilton（1608-1674）

1）thegreatestofallEnglishepicpoets;amasterofblankverse;astylistfamousforgrandstyle;thegreatestEnglishrevolutionarypoetandpamphleteer（Therevolutionaryenthusiasmofthebourgeoisrevolutionandthebitterhatredforthetyrantisbestshown