unit 1lecture notes.docx
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unit1lecturenotes
2.WordsandExpressions
1.(L5)raw:
adj.coldandwet;notcooked,refined,processed,organizedoranalyzed
*TheeventtookplaceonarawFebruarymorning.
这块砧板是专门用来切生肉的。
(=Thiscuttingboardisonlyusedtocutrawmeat.)
*Rawmaterialsarethenaturalsubstancesfromwhichindustrialproductsaremade.
2.(L7)launch:
vt.
1)start
*Beginningintheearly1960s,humanslaunchedprobestoexploreotherplanets.
这家电脑公司今年开始生产一种新产品。
(=Thiscomputercompanylaunchesanewproductthisyear.)
2)send(sth.)onitscourse
*OnOctober4,1957,Sovietscientistslaunchedtheworld’sfirstartificialsatellite,calledSputnik.
Collocation:
launchanattack发动进攻
launchamassivecampaign发动一场大规模的运动
launchacompany开一家公司
launchthreatsatsb.向某人发出威胁
launchinto(积极有力地)开始
*Helaunchedintoalongspeechaboutthedangeroftakingdrugs.
他开始作关于吸毒危险性的长篇演说。
launchout(精力充沛或戏剧性地)开始
*Shewantstobemorethanasingerandislaunchingoutintofilms.
她不是仅仅想当一名歌手,而且正在积极涉足电影界。
3.(L10)campaign:
n.aseriesofmilitaryoperationsorplannedactivitieswithaparticularaim
(插入声音文件campaign)
(=Thegovernmentislaunchingamassivecampaignagainstcorruption.)
在我们城市开展的灭鼠运动开端良好。
(=Thecampaignagainstratsinourcitygotofftoagoodstart.)
CF:
campaign,battle&war
这三个词都是名词,均含有“战斗,战争”之意。
campaign通常指在一场大的战争中,某一地区进行的一连串有既定目的的军事行动,也可作引申用。
battle强调指战争中的一次较全面、时间较长的战斗,也指陆军或海军在某一特定地区进行的战斗,或个人之间的争斗。
war是战争的总称,一般指包括多个战役的大规模战争。
(Directions:
)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.
1.Many_____criminalswereproceededagainstfollowingWorldWarII.(=war)
2.TheAmericanpresidential_____lastsforeighteenmonths.(=campaign)
3.Itwasadecisive____—wewonthe___becauseofit.(=battle,war)
4.ThePhilippineshadsufferedgrievouslyundertheJapaneseoccupation.Ahighlyeffectiveguerilla____controlledsixtypercentoftheislands,mostlyjungleandmountainareas.(=campaign)
4.(L15)efficient:
adj.workingwell,quicklyandwithoutwaste
*Tocutbackonfossilfuels,weshouldbuildmoreefficientcars.
雇佣未受良好训练的工人效果是不会好的。
(=Itisnotefficienttohirepoorlytrainedworkers.)
5.(L16)conquest:
n.conquering,defeat
*HitlerbadlymiscalculatedwhenheassumedtheconquestoftheUSSRwouldbesimple.
1939年德国征服了波兰。
(=Theyear1939hadwitnessedtheconquestofPolandbyGermany.)
6.(L21)retreat:
v.movebackorwithdrawwhenfacedwithdangerordifficulty
*Afterafiercebattle,thetroopsretreatedsouthward.
我们采取如下策略:
敌进我退,敌退我追。
(=Weadoptedthefollowingstrategies:
Whentheenemyadvances,weretreat:
whentheyretreat,wepursue.)
NB:
retreat的反义词是advance
例:
toadvanceagainst(on,to,toward)朝……前进
toretreatfrom从…撤退
toretreatto撤退到
CF:
conquest,triumph&victory
这三个词都是名词,均含有“胜利”之意。
conquest指获取胜利或征服,把失败者置于控制之下。
triumph着重指胜利或成功的辉煌。
victory普通用词,主要指在战争、斗争或竞赛中获得的胜利,强调艰辛与成功。
(Directions:
)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.
1.UndertheleadershipoftheParty,wearemarchingfrom____to___.(=victory,victory)
2.TheYangtzeBridgeisagreat_____ofmoderncivilengineering.(=triumph)
3.Itwasa_____ofhumanintellect,andalsointernationalcooperationandcommunication(=triumph)
4.Inprocessoftime,Romebecameagreatempireby___.(=conquest)
7.(L24)engage:
vt.
1)beginfightingwithsb.
*Thecommanderorderedthesoldierstoengagetheenemyimmediately.
他们与敌人交战。
(=Theyengagedtheenemy.)
2)drawinto;involve
*Wetriedtoengagehiminourconversation,butinvain.
3)attractsb.’sinterest
*Wefailedtoengageanyactivesupportforourproject.
他善良的性情吸引每个人。
(=Hisgoodnatureengageseveryone.)
4)occupy
*Studyingengagesmostofaseriousstudent’stime.
工作占去她很多时间。
(=Workengagesmuchofhertime.)
Pattern:
engage(sb.)insth.:
(causeto)takepartinsth.
*Theyarecurrentlyengagedinlengthytradenegotiations.
*Theteachertriedtoengagetheshyboyinconversation.
Collocation:
engageas使聘为……
engagein从事;使参加
engagewith与…啮合
8.(L27)befacedwith:
havetodealwith
*Thelibrarianswerefacedwiththehugetaskoflistingallthebooks.
(=Wewerefacedwithanexceptionallydifficultsituation.)
9.(L27)crucial:
adj.veryimportant(followedbyto)
*Amazingly,oursoccerteamwonthevictoryinthecrucialfinalgame.
增强消费者信心是经济复苏的关键。
(=Improvedconsumerconfidenceiscrucialtoeconomicrecovery.)
CF:
crucial,critical&decisive
这三个词都是形容词,都有“紧要的,紧迫的,重要的”之意。
crucial意为决定性的、极重要的,指对关键性事物不断增长的缺乏或需求,或需求紧急情况或危急转折关头。
例如:
*Wemustpayattentiontothiscrucialtest.我们必须重视这次决定性的试验。
critical意为决定性的,与crucial相似,但表示对缺乏程度更精确的估计。
在转折关头时比crucial表现出更大的严重性。
例如:
*Thepatient’sconditioniscritical.病人情况危急。
decisive意思是决定性的、果断的,只有重要、特殊或决定性效果。
例如:
*Ourairforcesweredecisiveinwinningthewar.我们的空军对打赢这场战争有决定性的贡献。
10.(L30)takeagamble:
takearisk
*Thecompanytookagamblebycuttingthepriceoftheirproducts,anditpaidoff.
(=Ithinkshe’stakingagambleinvestingallhermoneyinstocks.)
11.(L30)presson/ahead:
continuedoingsth.inadeterminedway(usedinthepattern:
presson/ahead(withsth.))
*Ourschoolauthoritiesarekeentopressonwitheducationalreform.
*Organizersofthestrikearedeterminedtopresson.
12.(L39)bideone’stime:
waitpatientlyforachance
*Hispoliticalrivalsarebidingtheirtimeforanattackonhispolicies.
*HebidedhistimeuntilHarvardUniversityofferedhimaprofessorship.
13.(L46)minus:
prep.belowzero;madelessby;slightlylowerthanthemarkstated
*Tomorrow’stemperaturewillbeaslowasminustendegreescentigrade.
*20minus10is10.
我在期末考试中得了B减。
(=IgotBminusinthefinalexamination.)
NB:
1)minus的反义词是plus(加上)。
例如:
3plus6is9.
2)minus还可以作形容词,意为“负的;减去的””。
例如:
aminusquantity负数;
minuselectricity负电。
此外,minus还可作名词,意为“负号,减号;负数”。
14.(L50)dragon:
moveslowlyandwitheffort;continueendlesslyandtediously
*Thesecompensationcaseshavealreadydraggedonforoneyear.
这个会还要拖多久?
(=Howmuchlongeristhemeetinggoingtodragon?
)
15.(L55)atthecostof:
withthelossof
*Thelocalgovernmentdevelopeditseconomybutatthecostofenvironment.
比尔为救约翰付出了自己的生命。
(=BillsavedJohnatthecostofhisownlife.)
Collocation:
atanycost不惜任何代价
atallcosts不惜一切代价
atnocost不需花代价
16.(L56)limp:
1.vi.walkwithdifficulty,esp.whenonefootorlegishurt
*Thatdogmustbehurt–it’slimping.
*Iinjuredmyankleandhadtolimp.
他一瘸一拐地走出足球场。
(=Helimpedoffthefootballfield.)
2.adj.lackingorhavinglostrigidity,asofstructureorsubstance;lackingstrengthor
firmness;weakorspiritless
alimphandshake(无力的握手)
limpopposition(微弱的反抗)
17.(L71)catchsb.offguard:
takesb.bysurprise
*Theinvitationtohisweddingcaughtmeoffguard.
(=Themanagerdidn’tknowwhattosay.Itwasclearthatmyquestionhadcaughthimoffguard.)
18.(L71)instruct:
vt.
1)giveordersordirectionsto(sb.)
*ThefamilyhasinstructedsolicitorstosueThomsonforcompensation.
*Theprofessorinstructedusthatwehadonemonthtoconducttheproject.
我奉命在这里等老师来。
(=I’vebeeninstructedtowaithereuntiltheteacherarrives.)
Pattern:
instructsb.todosth.;
instructsb.that;
instructsb.withquote
2)teach(sb.)
*Heinstructedfamilymembersinnursingtechniques.
他们教给了我做这项工作的最好办法。
(=Theyinstructedmeinthebestwaysofdoingthejob.)
Pattern:
instructsb.in/onsth
CF:
instruct,direct&order
这几个词都是动词,都有“吩咐,命令”之意。
instruct指向人下命令或指示,指导等,还可指交待。
例如:
*HewasinstructedtorepresenttheGovernment.他奉命代表政府。
*Hehasn’tinstructeduswheretogo.他还没指示我们去哪里。
direct一般指上级对下级进行的指示、命令等,须采取的行动有准确说明。
例如:
*Theownersdirectedthatthefactorybeclosed.厂主下令关厂。
*Theofficerdirectedthemtoadvance.军官命令他们前进。
order是普通用语,往往带有强制性,语气较强。
例如:
*Heorderedtheenemytolaydowntheirarms.他命令敌人放下武器。
*Thepolicemanorderedthemotoristtostop.警察命令摩托车手停车。
19.(L73)render:
vt.cause(sb./sth.)tobeinaspecifiedcondition(sameasmake)
*Thedrugwillrenderthetigerharmlessforuptotwohours.
*Hewasrenderedunconsciousbyablowonthebackoftheneck.
地震导致成百上千的人无家可归。
(=Hundredsofpeoplewererenderedhomelessbytheearthquake.)
Collocation:
renderinto译成(某种语言)
renderup做(祷告);放弃,交出
renderblowforblow以牙还牙
rendergoodforevil以德报怨
20.(L75)casualty:
n.apersonwhoiskilledorinjuredinwarorinanaccident
*Firstreportsofthetrafficaccidenttellofmorethan50casualties.
(=Theprecisenumberofcasualtiesinyesterday’sbombexplosionisnotknown.)
21.(L91)bringtoahalt:
stopcompletely
*AirtrafficinPolandhadbeenbroughttoahaltbyanairtrafficcontrollers’strike.
我们的旅行因风暴而终止。
(=Ourjourneywasbroughttoahaltbyastorm.)
22.(L91)offensive:
1.n.aggressiveaction,attack
*TheRedArmybroughtitswinteroffensivetoasuccessfulconclusion.
红军发动全面的军事攻击。
(=TheRedArmyledamassivemilitaryoffensive.)
Collocation:
launch/mountanoffensive发动进攻
carryout/undertakeanoffensive进攻
ontheoffensive处于攻势
assume/goon/goover/taketheoffensive进攻,采取攻势
*Ifallelsefails,I’llgoovertotheoffensive.
如果其他方法都失败,那我将采取攻势。
2.adj.oforaboutattack;causingoffense;unpleasant
这支进攻的军队很快地赢得了阵地。
(=Theoffensivetroopsgainedgroundquickly.)
*Myneighborisreallyanoffensiveperson.Healwaysplaysthepianodeepintothenight.
23.(L103)thanksto:
becauseof
*Thankstoherfinancialsupport,thetwochildrenintheremotevillagecouldgotoschool.
*Thankstotheirtirelessefforts,theperformancewasagreatsuccess.
24.(L114)reckon:
v.count;consider;think
Theexistenceof