新课标高考英语复习题课时17 阅读理解体裁解读4 科普小品文 含答案.docx

新课标高考英语复习题课时17 阅读理解体裁解读4 科普小品文 含答案.docx

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新课标高考英语复习题课时17阅读理解体裁解读4科普小品文含答案

课时17阅读理解体裁解读4科普小品文

Ⅰ.体裁解读——科普小品文

科学技术是人类进步发展的重要动力，阅读科学技术文献有助于我们学习了解把握科技知识信息，学会展开科技活动。

科技篇章的语言通常都是比较正式，偶尔会有写给青少年的科普作品，会用比较轻快简洁浅显生动的语言。

在科技篇章中，由于科学的严谨性，语句通常都比较严谨，表述直接明确，与其他类型篇章相比，被动语态、非谓语动词形式、形式主语结构使用相对较多，动词时态变化、比喻夸张等修辞形式使用相对较少，有时会有很多专业词语和语句形式，有些常用词可能用于表达专业意义。

科技篇章结构比较清楚，层次分明，语句段落逻辑关联强而且明确，限定性修饰比较多。

对科技篇章，同学们首先应该理解篇章的语词、语句，有些语词，特别是一些科技专业术语，可能涉及我们对篇章的关键内容的理解。

科技篇章中的词语、语句理解是科技篇章理解的重要因素，有时甚至是关键因素。

科技篇章的推论理解要素大多不太直接，同学们可以从科技篇章中推论出：

作者对科学精神和科学技术的作用功能的肯定赞同（偶尔会有反科学的所谓科技文章，但很少，考生几乎不可能在阅读英语材料时阅读到），作者对某一/某些科学观点/科学方法的肯定赞同支持，作者对科学家的肯定支持，作者对科学实验结论/结果的肯定支持等。

【体裁演练】

（2015·湖北高考）Theoddnessoflifeinspaceneverquitegoesaway.Herearesomeexamples.

Firstconsidersomethingassimpleassleep.Itspositionpresentsitsownchallenges.Themainquestioniswhetheryouwantyourarmsinsideoroutsidethesleepingbag.Ifyouleaveyourarmout，theyfloatfreeinzerogravity，oftengivingasleepingastronautthelookofafunnyballet（芭蕾）dancer.“I'maninsideguy，”MikeHopkinssays，whoreturnedfromasix－monthtourontheInternationalSpaceStation.“Iliketobewrappedup.”

Onthestation，theordinarybecomesstrange.TheexercisebikefortheAmericanastronautshasnohandlebars.Italsohasnoseat.Withnogravity，it'sjustaseasytopedalviolently.Youcanwatchamoviewhileyoupedalbyfloatingamicrocomputeranywhereyouwant.Butstationresidentshavetobecarefulaboutstayinginoneplacetoolong.Withoutgravitytohelpcirculateair，thecarbondioxideyouexhale（呼气）hasatendencytoformaninvisible（隐形的）cloudaroundyourhead.Youcanendupwithwhatastronautscallacarbon－dioxideheadache.

LeroyChiao，54，anAmericanretiredastronautafterfourflights，describeswhathappensevenbeforeyoufloatoutofyourseat.“Yourinnerearthinksyou'refalling.Meanwhileyoureyesaretellingyouyou'restandingstraight.Thatcanbeannoying—that'swhysomepeoplefeelsick.”Withinacoupleofdays—trulyterribledaysforsome—astronauts'brainslearntoignorethepanickysignalsfromtheinnerear，andspacesicknessdisappears.

Spacetravelcanbesodelightfulbutatthesametimeinvisiblydangerous.Forinstance，astronautslosebonemass.That'swhyexerciseisconsideredsovitalthatNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration（NASA）putsitrightontheworkdayschedule.Thefocusonfitnessisasmuchaboutscienceandthefutureasitisaboutkeepinganyindividualastronauthealthy.NASAisworriedabouttwothings:

recoverytimeonceastronautsreturnhome，and，moreimportantly，howtomaintainstrengthandfitnessforthetwoandahalfyearsormorethatitwouldtaketomakearound－triptoMars.

1．Whatisthemajorchallengetoastronautswhentheysleepinspace?

A．Decidingonapropersleepposition.

B．Choosingacomfortablesleepingbag.

C．Seekingawaytofallasleepquickly.

D．Findingarighttimetogotosleep.

2．Theastronautswillsufferfromacarbon－dioxideheadachewhen________．

A．theycirclearoundontheirbikes

B．theyusemicrocomputerswithoutastop

C．theyexerciseinoneplaceforalongtime

D．theywatchamoviewhilepedaling

3．Someastronautsfeelsickonthestationduringthefirstfewdaysbecause________．

A．theirsensesstopworking

B．theyhavetostandupstraight

C．theyfloatoutoftheirseatsunexpectedly

D．theirbrainsreceivecontradictorymessages

4．OneofNASA'smajorconcernsaboutastronautsis________．

A．howmuchexercisetheydoonthestation

B．howtheycanremainhealthyforlonginspace

C．whethertheycanrecoverafterreturninghome

D．whethertheyareabletogobacktothestation

Ⅱ.能力提升演练

A

Welcometotheworldofmultitaking—aplacewherethemeasureofapersonishowmanyjobstheycanperformatthesametime.Infact,ifexpertsaretobebelieved,multitaskingisadisastrousidea.

OneoftheopponentsofmultitaskingisDr.CliffordNass,aprofessoratStanfordUniversity.“Peoplewhomultitaskfrequentlyarelessabletopayattention;they'reworseatmanagingtheirmemory，”hesaid.Inhisopinion,thelossthatwegetwithmultitaskingisharmlessinsomesituations,forexample,partofdoingbusinessinthedigitalworld;butyoucan'tdoseriousworklikewriting，thinkingorsolvinganimportantproblemthisway.Youdoworseevenasyouthinkyou'redoingbetter.Allthetimetheresearchpointstoasimplefact:

thebraincannotcope.Whenyoustopmidwaythroughcomposingareporttocheckanemail,youforceyourbraintostopandregroup.Itislikepressingthepausebuttonduringamovie,meaningthefilmtakeslongertowatch.

AndasforDr.Nass,theproblemsextendbeyondthebrain.Youngpeoplewhofrequentlymultitaskarenotassociallyandemotionally，healthyasthosewhodon't.Theyjustfeelmoreemotionallysatisfiedandthefeelingissogoodandtheyareboundtodesireitagain.ToddOppenheimer,awritersaid,“We'vebecomeaveryshort－termsocietyanddon'trewardpeoplefortakingalotoftimeonsomething.”Hefearswemayenduplosingthenextgenerationofgreatthinkers.“It'sreallyunfortunatebecausethelong－termchallengesofourworld—environmentalissuesfinancialissues—requirepeopletothinkwiselyaboutthelong－termconsequencesofwhattheydo.Andit'snocoincidencethatthekindofpeoplewhodothinklong－termdon'tmultitask.”

1．AccordingtoDr.Nass,multitasking________．

A．makestheperformanceemotionallyaffectedonly

B．contributestomemorizingvariousthings

C．mayresultinlosingthenextgenerationofgreatthinkers

D．canbeperformedusingdigitaltools

2．Fromthepassage,wecantell________．

A．thelossthatwegetwithmultitaskingisharmless

B．wemistakenlybelievethatwe'redoingbetterbyswitchingbetweentasks

C．multitaskingdoesharmtousineveryarea

D．foreverytaskyouaddtoyourmultitasking,youcanfinishyourgoalmorequickly

3．Whichofthefollowingisamultitaskingaddict?

A．Youturnyourcellphonetosilencewhenyou'reouttodinewithfriends.

B．YouwatchfromstarttofinishwithoutdistractionwhenplayingaDVD.

C．Youhaveyourofficedeskcoveredwithpaperworkfromvariousunfinishedprojects.

D．Youfeelthatwhenyoutrytodotoomuchatonce,theresultalwayssuffers.

4．Theauthormainlywantstotellus________．

A．thelessyouswitch,thebetteryoudo

B．itismoreefficienttodothingsallinamixedway

C．ittakeslongerforustobecomeagreatthinker

D．weshouldn'tbelazyifwewanttoaccomplishmanytasks

B

DanBebberisaseniorresearchfellowattheUniversityofExeterinBritain.HesaysresearchhasshownthatwildplantsandanimalsaremovingtowardEarth'sNorthandSouthPolesastheplanetwarms.

Mr.Bebberwantedtoknowifthesamethingwashappeningwithorganisms（微生物）thatattackagriculturalcrops.Heexaminedreportsoffirstsightingsofnewinsectsanddiseasesaroundtheworld.TherecordscamefromCABI—theCentreforAgriculturalBioscienceInternational.Hesaysthegroupbegancollectinginformationfromdevelopingandindustrializedcountriesyearsago.

DanBebberandhisresearchteamstudied612differentorganisms—fromvirusesandbacteriatoinsectslikebeetlesandbutterflies.Theyfoundthatsince1960,croppestsanddiseaseshavebeenmovingtowardthepolesatanaveragerateofabout3kilometerseachyear.Mr.Bebbersaysthisputsthemostproductivefarmlandintheworldindanger.

“Asnewspeciesofpestsanddiseasesevolveandpotentiallytheenvironmentforthembecomesmoreamenableathigheraltitudes,thepressureonthebreadbasketoftheworldisgoingtoincrease.”

Farmersfaceotherthreats.Invasivespeciespassedthroughtradearealsocausingproblems.GeneKritskyisanentomologistattheCollegeofMountSt.JosephinOhio.Hespecialisesinthestudyofinsects.Hesaysclimatechangemayimproveconditionsforsomeinvasivespecies.

“ItmeansthatspeciesinotherpartsoftheworldthatmightdowellinwarmertemperaturescannowdowellinthebreadbasketofAmerica.”

AnotherentomologistChristianKrupkeofPurdueUniversitysaystheeffectsofthesechangeswilldependverymuchonthecrop,theinsectandthedisease.Buthesaystheresearchisawarningsignthatpeopleshouldcareaboutclimatechangeanddosomethingaboutit.

5．ThepurposeofDanBebber'sresearchwastofind________.

A．iffarmlandcouldbemovedtocolderplacesthankstoglobalwarming

B．ifdiseasesandinsectsharmfultocropsweregoingtowardscolderareas

C．iforganismsweremovingtothenorthandsouthpoles

D．ifthenumberofcroppestswasincreasing

6．AccordingtoDanBebber,ifcroppestskeepmovingtowardsthepoles,________．

A．itwillbehardforfarmerstokillthem

B．themostproductivefarmlandwillproducemorecrops

C．theearthwillnotproduceenoughfoodtosupporttheworld

D．theconditionsforsomecropsmaybeimproved

7．Whichofthefollowingisnotathreatthatfarmershavetoface?

A．Climatechangemakescroppestsadapttoanewenvironment.

B．Foreignspeciesarebroughtinbytrade.

C．InvasivespeciesdoingwellinwarmerplacesmightdowellinAmerica.

D．Theimpactsoftheclimateandspecieschangesoncropsarenoteasytodetermine.

C

3DprintersontheRise

Howdopeopletraditionallymanufacturethings?

Theyusuallystartwithasheetofmetal,woodorothermaterialandcut,drillandshaveittocreateadesiredshape.Sometimes,theyuseamoldmadeofmetalorsand,pourliquidplasticormetalintoitandletitcooltocreateasolidpart.

Now,acompletelydifferentmethodisgainingpopularity.

OnOct.9,LondonScienceMuseumkickedoffitsnewexhibition,3D:

PrintingtheFuture,withover6003Dprintedobjectsondisplay,includingspaceprobes（航天探测器）,toydollsandevenhumanorgans—basicallyanyproductyoucanthinkof,repo