新课标高考英语复习题课时17 阅读理解体裁解读4 科普小品文 含答案.docx

1、新课标高考英语复习题课时17 阅读理解体裁解读4 科普小品文 含答案课时17 阅读理解体裁解读4 科普小品文.体裁解读科普小品文科学技术是人类进步发展的重要动力，阅读科学技术文献有助于我们学习了解把握科技知识信息，学会展开科技活动。科技篇章的语言通常都是比较正式，偶尔会有写给青少年的科普作品，会用比较轻快简洁浅显生动的语言。在科技篇章中，由于科学的严谨性，语句通常都比较严谨，表述直接明确，与其他类型篇章相比，被动语态、非谓语动词形式、形式主语结构使用相对较多，动词时态变化、比喻夸张等修辞形式使用相对较少，有时会有很多专业词语和语句形式，有些常用词可能用于表达专业意义。科技篇章结构比较清楚，层次

2、分明，语句段落逻辑关联强而且明确，限定性修饰比较多。对科技篇章，同学们首先应该理解篇章的语词、语句，有些语词，特别是一些科技专业术语，可能涉及我们对篇章的关键内容的理解。科技篇章中的词语、语句理解是科技篇章理解的重要因素，有时甚至是关键因素。科技篇章的推论理解要素大多不太直接， 同学们可以从科技篇章中推论出：作者对科学精神和科学技术的作用功能的肯定赞同(偶尔会有反科学的所谓科技文章，但很少，考生几乎不可能在阅读英语材料时阅读到)，作者对某一/某些科学观点/科学方法的肯定赞同支持，作者对科学家的肯定支持，作者对科学实验结论/结果的肯定支持等。【体裁演练】(2015湖北高考)The oddness

3、 of life in space never quite goes away.Here are some examples.First consider something as simple as sleep.Its position presents its own challenges.The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag.If you leave your arm out，they float free in zero gravity，often givin

4、g a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny ballet(芭蕾) dancer.“Im an inside guy，” Mike Hopkins says，who returned from a sixmonth tour on the International Space Station.“I like to be wrapped up.”On the station，the ordinary becomes strange.The exercise bike for the American astronauts has no handlebar

5、s.It also has no seat.With no gravity，its just as easy to pedal violently.You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want.But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long.Without gravity to help circulate air，the carbon dioxide you exha

6、le(呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible(隐形的) cloud around your head.You can end up with what astronauts call a carbondioxide headache.Leroy Chiao，54，an American retired astronaut after four flights，describes what happens even before you float out of your seat.“Your inner ear thinks youre falling.

7、Meanwhile your eyes are telling you youre standing straight.That can be annoyingthats why some people feel sick.” Within a couple of daystruly terrible days for someastronauts brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear，and space sickness disappears.Space travel can be so delightfu

8、l but at the same time invisibly dangerous.For instance，astronauts lose bone mass.Thats why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule.The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keep

9、ing any individual astronaut healthy.NASA is worried about two things: recovery time once astronauts return home，and，more importantly，how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a roundtrip to Mars.1What is the major challenge to astronauts wh

10、en they sleep in space?ADeciding on a proper sleep position.BChoosing a comfortable sleeping bag.CSeeking a way to fall asleep quickly.DFinding a right time to go to sleep.2The astronauts will suffer from a carbondioxide headache when _Athey circle around on their bikesBthey use microcomputers witho

11、ut a stopCthey exercise in one place for a long timeDthey watch a movie while pedaling3Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _Atheir senses stop workingBthey have to stand up straight Cthey float out of their seats unexpectedlyDtheir brains receive contradictory

12、messages4One of NASAs major concerns about astronauts is _Ahow much exercise they do on the stationBhow they can remain healthy for long in spaceCwhether they can recover after returning home Dwhether they are able to go back to the station .能力提升演练AWelcome to the world of multitakinga place where th

13、e measure of a person is how many jobs they can perform at the same time. In fact, if experts are to be believed, multitasking is a disastrous idea.One of the opponents of multitasking is Dr. Clifford Nass, a professor at Stanford University. “People who multitask frequently are less able to pay att

14、ention; theyre worse at managing their memory，” he said. In his opinion, the loss that we get with multitasking is harmless in some situations, for example, part of doing business in the digital world; but you cant do serious work like writing，thinking or solving an important problem this way. You d

15、o worse even as you think youre doing better. All the time the research points to a simple fact: the brain cannot cope. When you stop midway through composing a report to check an email, you force your brain to stop and regroup. It is like pressing the pause button during a movie, meaning the film t

16、akes longer to watch.And as for Dr. Nass, the problems extend beyond the brain. Young people who frequently multitask are not as socially and emotionally，healthy as those who dont. They just feel more emotionally satisfied and the feeling is so good and they are bound to desire it again. Todd Oppenh

17、eimer, a writer said, “Weve become a very shortterm society and dont reward people for taking a lot of time on something.” He fears we may end up losing the next generation of great thinkers. “Its really unfortunate because the longterm challenges of our worldenvironmental issues financial issuesreq

18、uire people to think wisely about the longterm consequences of what they do. And its no coincidence that the kind of people who do think longterm dont multitask.”1According to Dr. Nass, multitasking _Amakes the performance emotionally affected onlyBcontributes to memorizing various thingsCmay result

19、 in losing the next generation of great thinkers Dcan be performed using digital tools2From the passage, we can tell _Athe loss that we get with multitasking is harmlessBwe mistakenly believe that were doing better by switching between tasksCmultitasking does harm to us in every areaDfor every task

20、you add to your multitasking, you can finish your goal more quickly 3Which of the following is a multitasking addict?AYou turn your cellphone to silence when youre out to dine with friends.BYou watch from start to finish without distraction when playing a DVD.CYou have your office desk covered with

21、paperwork from various unfinished projects.DYou feel that when you try to do too much at once, the result always suffers.4The author mainly wants to tell us _Athe less you switch, the better you doBit is more efficient to do things all in a mixed way Cit takes longer for us to become a great thinker

22、 Dwe shouldnt be lazy if we want to accomplish many tasksBDan Bebber is a senior research fellow at the University of Exeter in Britain. He says research has shown that wild plants and animals are moving toward Earths North and South Poles as the planet warms.Mr. Bebber wanted to know if the same th

23、ing was happening with organisms(微生物) that attack agricultural crops. He examined reports of first sightings of new insects and diseases around the world. The records came from CABIthe Centre for Agricultural Bioscience International. He says the group began collecting information from developing an

24、d industrialized countries years ago.Dan Bebber and his research team studied 612 different organismsfrom viruses and bacteria to insects like beetles and butterflies. They found that since 1960, crop pests and diseases have been moving toward the poles at an average rate of about 3 kilometers each

25、year. Mr. Bebber says this puts the most productive farmland in the world in danger.“As new species of pests and diseases evolve and potentially the environment for them becomes more amenable at higher altitudes, the pressure on the breadbasket of the world is going to increase.”Farmers face other t

26、hreats. Invasive species passed through trade are also causing problems. Gene Kritsky is an entomologist at the College of Mount St. Joseph in Ohio. He specialises in the study of insects. He says climate change may improve conditions for some invasive species.“It means that species in other parts o

27、f the world that might do well in warmer temperatures can now do well in the breadbasket of America.”Another entomologist Christian Krupke of Purdue University says the effects of these changes will depend very much on the crop, the insect and the disease. But he says the research is a warning sign

28、that people should care about climate change and do something about it.5The purpose of Dan Bebbers research was to find _.Aif farmland could be moved to colder places thanks to global warmingBif diseases and insects harmful to crops were going towards colder areasCif organisms were moving to the nor

29、th and south polesDif the number of crop pests was increasing6According to Dan Bebber, if crop pests keep moving towards the poles, _Ait will be hard for farmers to kill themBthe most productive farmland will produce more cropsCthe earth will not produce enough food to support the worldDthe conditio

30、ns for some crops may be improved7Which of the following is not a threat that farmers have to face?AClimate change makes crop pests adapt to a new environment.BForeign species are brought in by trade.CInvasive species doing well in warmer places might do well in America.DThe impacts of the climate a

31、nd species changes on crops are not easy to determine.C3D printers on the RiseHow do people traditionally manufacture things? They usually start with a sheet of metal, wood or other material and cut, drill and shave it to create a desired shape. Sometimes, they use a mold made of metal or sand, pour

32、 liquid plastic or metal into it and let it cool to create a solid part.Now, a completely different method is gaining popularity. On Oct. 9, London Science Museum kicked off its new exhibition, 3D: Printing the Future, with over 600 3D printed objects on display, including space probes(航天探测器), toy dolls and even human organsbasically any product you can think of, repo