美国文学课程论文格式规范.docx

美国文学课程论文格式规范.docx

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美国文学课程论文格式规范

小2号黑体

山西师范大学现代文理学院英语系

美国文学课程论文

封面题目用2号TimesNewRoman字体加粗

LoveinthePavilionVsLoveintheBalcony

---DuLiniang’sVsJuliet’sLoveJourney

（如果有副标题，则用小2号TimesNewRoman字体加粗）

姓名

张莉

院系

现代文理学院

专业

英语教育

3号黑体

班级

3号楷体

2008级01班

学号

成绩

小2号TimesNewRoman加粗。

2号TimesNewRoman加粗。

LoveinthePavilionVsLoveintheBalcony

正文用小四号TimesNewRoman，2倍行距。

---DuLiniang’sVsJuliet’sLoveJourney

小标题用小四号TimesNewRoman,加粗。

ThePeonyPavilionbyTangXianZuandRomeoandJulietbyWilliamShakespearearetwoextraordinarilysignificantworksaboutfeverishloveoneasternandwesterndramastages.Thetwogreatcontemporarydramatists,wholivedinvastlydifferentculturesofeastandwest,presentedtheirrespectivemasterpiecesalmostatthesameperiod（ThePeonyPavilionin1598,andRomeoandJulietin1596）,whichsharedsimilarthemesoftheheroandtheheroine’spursuinggenuineloverelentlessly,eventothesacrificeofdeath.Furtherstudymayhelprevealmoredetaileddifferencesonthehistoricalbackgroundandcreatingbeliefs.Followingthetwofemaleprotagonists’lovejourney,thispaperattemptstorevealthesimilaritiesofseemingly-coincidentschemeandthentracethereasonswhichcausethedifferencesofthetwoworks.

I.Thebackgroundofthetwoworks.

ThePeonyPavilionwaswritteninanerawhenChinawasgoingthrougharigid,repressivestyleofNeo-ConfucianismknownasDaoxue,whichemphasizedproperoutwarddisplaysofbehaviorandritualsintheMiddleandLaterMingDynasty.TangXianzu,alearnedscholar,feltdismayedandsuffocatedwiththesociety,heresignedfromthecourtofficialandthendevotedtotheliteraryworks.

Meanwhileinwesterncountry,EuropeansocietywasgoingthroughtheRenaissance,arevolutionarymovementofadvocacyofhumanism.Shakespearefavoredthefreedomoflove,andthestabilityofsociety,turnedagainstthefamilyfeudandfelthatredforthefeudalaristocracywhichwasaconstantthreattoastablesocialstructure.RomeoandJuliet’spowerofyouthfullovecelebratesthecapacityoflovetoconquerossifiedsocialconventions.Itsfinaltragicendingofthedeathseemstobetheonlyescapetoendfeudofthetwofamiliesinthatsociety.

Inbothtexts,thedeathsofthetwoheroines,botharefromrichandpowerfulofficialfamily,resultfromlovesickness.Theirbehaviorsareregardedasindependentandsomewhatrebellious,giventhecontextinwhichtheplaywaswritten.Thetwobeautifuladolescentssufferfrompaindeeplyintheirlovejourney,andfinallydietouchinglyoflovesickness.

II.DuLiniang’sLoveJourneyVsJuliet’sLoveJourney

A．Sproutingoflove.

书名或作品名用斜体。

InThePeonyPavilion,DuLiniang’sachingforloveisarousedfirstlybytheancientpoemfromtheBookofOdesaboutnaturalemotionbetweenoppositesexes.Shecannotbearthefeudalethicsanymore,soshestealsoutoftheboudoirandintothefamilygardenforavisit.AndherlovesicknessisderivedfromherdreaminwhichsheencountersthehandsomeLiuMengmei,whoalsogetsmagicdreaminwhichheisforetold,“Mr.Liu,onlywhenyoumeetmewillyouobtainloveandrank”byalady.（Tang4）Thesettingofthisencounterblursthelinebetweenmemoryanddream,alsoitconveysthemessagethatloveandfateisoftenpredestined,whichmaybecommonintheliteraryworksofLaterMingandQingDynastyandcouldbesupportedbyanotherlovestoryofLinDaiyuandJiaBaoyu’sfirstmeetinginDreamofRedMansionbyCaoXueqin.

 Awakeningfromherdream,Liniangbecomeslovesickandrestlessfortheunattainableloveinreality,for“he[LiuMengmei]hadcomewithoutasignanddisappearedwithoutatrace.”（Tang75）.ShepleadswithHeavenandlaterlaments,“Ilookedupatthesky,pityandsorrowstainedmyeyes.Whoknowswhatsentimentsaheartcanhold?

Whoknowswhattearscouldhavestealthilyflowed?

”（76）ThisimageassociatingherlifewithperishingpetalsalsosignifiesthatherlifeisdriftingawaybecauseofherloveforMengmei.ThisplotmaybeinconceivableforreadersofdifferentcultureandagetoacceptLiniang’sailmentoftheheartwhichleadstoherdeathresultedfromsuchimaginingreasons.YetwhatTangXianzusaidinhisprefacetoThePeonyPavilionrevealsloveandpassionbetweentheloversaresomewhatunexplainable.

 “Loveisofcourseunknown,yetitgrowseverdeeper.Thelivingmaydieofit,byitspowerthedeadliveagain.Loveisnotloveatitsfullestifonewholivesitisunwillingtodieforit,orifitcannotrestoretolifeonewhohassodied.Andmustthelovethatcomesinadreamnecessarilybeunreal?

Forthereisnolackofdreamloversinthisworld.Onlyforthosewhoselovemustbefulfilledonthepillowandforwhomaffectiondeepensonlyafterretirementfromoffice,isitentirelyacorporealmatter….”

 BotheastandwesthavetheirownlegendsaboutthegodorgoddessofLove.InChinesemythologytherearestoriesabout“theold-man-under-the–moon”whotiesnewbornboysandgirlsdestinedtobemarriedwitharedsilkthread.InRomanmythology,Cupidusesanarrowtoshoottheheartsoflovers.RomeoandJulie’sloveisrepresentedasasuddenmagicspell,Cupid'sarrowstriking,sinceithappenstobothsimultaneously!

Romeoisshocked,stunnedandbewilderedbyJuliet’sbeautyatthefirstsight.SimilarlyJulietisoverwhelminglyattractedtoRomeoasifbyaseeminglymagneticforce.Theirimmenseaffectionforeachotherpoursoutlikeatorrentofwaterinstunninglanguage.LoveinRomeoandJulietisadivinemadness,bothawoundandablessinginwhichnohumanactofchoicewasinvolved.RomeoandJulietfallinloveinvoluntarilyasthoughaforcedrawsthemtogether.Inthebalconyscenewherethecouplemakecleartheirbreast,Julietexpressesherconcern,struggleandpain,“ORomeo,Romeo,whereforeartthouRomeo?

Denythyfatherandrefusethyname.Orifthouwiltnot,bebutswornmylove,AndI’llnolongerbeaCapulet.”（Shakespeare60）Forthefeudbetweenthetwofamilies,whichmaymakeloveunattainable,Julietalsoexperienceslovesickness.

InthePrologue,ShakespearementionsthatthetaleofRomeo’sandJuliet’slovestorywillbefilledwithtribulations,painsanddisasters,evenbea“death-mark’dlove”（31），partlybecauseoftherathermagicalandinexplicablypowerfulmomentoftheirfirstmeetingatthemasqueradeball.

B． Fidelitytolove

InThePeonyPavilionthepredestinedloveandmarriagebetweenLiniangandMengmei’sissooverwhelmingandpowerfulthatLiniangwoulddieforit,yetloveisnotonlyareasonforherdeath,butitisalsoforherresurrection.Afterherdeath,LiniangpassesintotheghostworldandappearsbeforetheNetherJudgeHu.AndbecauseofherbeautyJudgeevenwantstomakeherhisconcubine.EventhoughJudgehasthepowertoburnher,sliceher,grindher,orturnherintothelowestlifeform,sherefusesandthenrevealsthatsheisalwayslongingforlovefromayoungscholarMengmei.TheJudgesaysofheraffectionforMengmeiisa“flagrantdisregardofmaidenlyvirtues”（Tang160）,andconfrontsherwiththefactthatherparentsdonotapproveoftheman,orevenknowhim.ObviouslyLiniang’spursuingforlovedoesnotconformtotheacceptedpracticesofthesociety,inwhichagirl’smarriagewasdecidedbyparents’orderandonamatch-maker’swords.Andfeudalethics,especiallychastity,strangledwomenphysicallyandspiritually.Alsowomenweresupposedtobesubmissive.Livinginsuchafeudalsociety,theheroine,Li-niangwasdoomedtosuffertheoppressionofthefeudalethics.Yetshepresentsherselfasastrongwomanwhoactivelypursuesthemanshelovesandrevealsherrebelliousaspectcharacter.

C.Resultoflove

Thetwolovestoriesintheeastandwestdohavesimilarstartingandtotallydifferentending.Oneleadstoahappyreunionandtheotherresultsinheart-brokendeath.

ThusdyingforloveinthetwonearlycontemporarytextsispresentedviadifferentapproachesinWesternandEasternmethodologyworld.AsZeitlinsays,“ConditionedbyWesternnotionsofmimesis,weareaccustomedtothinkofliteratureasanimitationoflife.ThecorrespondingancientChineseviewwouldberatherthatliteratureoriginatesinthehumanhearttomakearesponsetoexternalthings.”（LiQing-jun）ThisexplainsRomeoandJulietandThePeonyPavilionbelongtotwodistinctgenres.

III.Conclusion

Loveisan“eternalsubject”inliteraryworksandhasbeencelebratedbyculturesallovertheworld.ShakespeareandTangXian-zutaketheirownwaystoshowsympathyfortheyoungpeopleinloveandmadeaboldexposureofthecrimecommittedbythefeudalsociety,tocelebratebeautifullovethroughwhichtheyexpressedtheirpoliticalpointofview.What’smore,thetwofemaleprotagonists’couragetopursueloveisgreatlydepictedandglorifiedtoinspireandtouchreaders’heartstrings.Shiftingoureyesfromthepasttothepresent,fromtheliteraturefabricationtotherealworld,wefeelrelievedforthepresentyoungpeoplewhocanshakeoffthefeudalchainsandenjoythefreedomandhappinessoflove,butmeanwhilewecannothelpfeelingconcernedthatsomemaygotoanotherextremeandtakecasualattitudestowardloveandsex.Maybethat’swhythetwogreatworksarestillworthdiscussingtoday.Goingthroughthetimeandspace,theyarealwaystheretoevokethenoblevirtueandlovefromtheheartofpeople,tosublimatethevalueandsignificanceoflove,toguidepeopletoknowaboutthemselvesandthesurroundingsociety,andtoliveaworthylife.

四号TimesNewRoman加粗居中

WorksCited

TangXian-zu.ThePeonyPavilionTrans.ZhangGuang-qianTourismEducationPr