第3讲动词的语态.docx
《第3讲动词的语态.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《第3讲动词的语态.docx（10页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。
第3讲动词的语态
（10-15分钟）
英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。
主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。
被动语态由“助动词be + 过去分词”构成。
然后用一定的形式体现出来，如：
I had the apple this morning.（主动语态）
The apple was eaten by me this morning. （被动语态）
一、被动语态概念
被动语态拥有主动语态的各种时态，构成方式为be + 过去分词，口语中也可用get/ become + 过去分词表示。
被动语态侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身，当不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁或强调或突出动作的承受者时常用被动语态。
1.被动语态的基本时态变化
被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式,被动语态由be＋过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。
以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：
1）am/is/are+done（过去分词）一般现在时
2）has/havebeendone现在完成时
3）am/is/arebeingdone现在进行时
4）was/weredone一般过去时
5）hadbeendone过去完成时
6）was/werebeingdone过去进行时
7）shall/willbedone一般将来时
8）should/wouldbedone过去将来时
9）shall/willhavebeendone将来完成时（少用）
10）should/wouldhavebeendone过去将来完成时（少用）
注意：
区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构
be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。
被动语态,动作的对象是主语；当“be +过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。
be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。
其区分办法如下：
1． 如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态。
The glass is broken.（系表结构）
The glass was broken by the boy.（被动语态）
2．如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态
The magazine is published in Shanghai.。
（被动语态）
The door is locked.（系表结构）
The door has already/just been locked.（被动语态）
The shop is opened.（系表结构）
The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday.（被动语态）
3．被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。
二、被动语态的用法
1．不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。
Some new computers were stolen last night.
This book was published in 1981.
2． 强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。
This book was written by him.
Eight hours per day for sleep must be guaranteed.
3.出于修辞需要
He went to the country and was warmly welcomed.
他去了那个国家并受到热烈欢迎。
三、主动语态变被动语态的方法
1．把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。
2．把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词），根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。
3．把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。
All the people laughed at him.= He was laughed at by all people They make the bikes in the factory.= The bikes are madeby themin the factory.
四、含有情态动词的被动语态
含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词＋be＋过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。
We can repair this watch in two days. = This watch can be repaired in two days.
You ought to take it away. = It ought to be taken away.
They should do it at once. = It should be done at once
五．不能用被动语态的几种情况：
①所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用被动语态，如：
take place, happen, burst out, break out, belong to, occur, appear, last, rise, come, go, show up, turn up, fade, disappear, run, walk, stand, lie, exist, rest, fail等；
The meeting broke up at dusk.
②表示状态；拥有或归属；希望、意图的谓语动词，如：
last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、join、mean、look like、consist to；have、own、belong to；wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。
③主动语态中，宾语是反身代词或相互代词each other时，不能成为被动语态中的主语。
④主动句中的宾语是同源宾语、不定式或动名词等时，不用被动语态。
⑤主动形式表被动意义
a）系动词feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；
The fish smells good.
b）描述物体物理属性的动词，如：
cut, sell, wear, tear, wash, run, operate, work等；
The pen writes smoothly.
These novels won’t sell well.
This kind of cloth washes easily.
The door won’t lock.
c）在“be + 形容词 + to do”的结构中，若不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，则用主动代被动。
This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.
The girl isn’t easy to get along with.
d）一些固定结构
Something needs/wants/requires doing. （=needs/wants/requires to be done）
The book is worth reading carefully
With a lot of homework to do, I have no time for fun.
be to blame（受谴责）、be to rent（出租）
六．被动形式表示主动意义，如：
be seated、be hidden、be lost、be drunk、be dressed等。
He is seated on a bench.
He was hidden behind the door. （=He hid himself behind the door.）
The girl was dressed in a red short skirt.
七、常考考点
考点一：
不能用于被动语态的动词和词组
cometrue,consistof,takeplace,happen,become,rise,occur,belong,breakout,appear,arrive,die,fall,last,exist,fail,succeed
Ittookplacebeforeliberation.
考点二：
下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义,而且常与well,quite,easily,badly等副词连用。
lock（锁）;wash（洗）;sell（卖）;read（读）;wear（穿）;blame（责备）；ride（乘坐）；write（写）；
Glassbreakseasily.玻璃容易破碎。
Thecarridessmoothly.这车走起来很稳。
Thecaselockseasily.这箱子很好锁。
Thebooksellswell.这本书很畅销。
考点三：
一些常用经典被动句型：
Itissaid…,Itisreported…,Itiswidelybelieved…，Itisexpected…,Itisestimated…,这些句子一般翻译为“据说……”，“人们认为……”，
而“以前人们认为……”则应该说：
Itwasbelieved…,Itwasthought
（15-20分钟）
1）.Insomepartsoftheworld,tea___withmilkandsugar.（NMET1993）
A.isservingB.isservedC.servesD.served
2）.ThisisTed’sphone.Wemisshimalot.He___tryingtosaveachildintheearthquake.（NMET2002）
A.killedB.iskilledC.waskilledD.waskilling
3）.----Haveyoumovedintothenewhouse?
----Notyet,therooms_____.（NMET1991）
A.arebeingpaintedB.arepaintingC.arepaintedD.arebeingpainting
4）.Whenandwheretogofortheon-salaryholiday___yet.（上海春2003）
A.arenotdecidedB.havenotbeendecided
C.isnotbeingdecidedD.hasnotbeendecided
5）.Themanagerenteredtheofficeandwashappytolearnthatfour-fifthsofthetickets___.（上海春2001）
A.wasbookedB.hadbeenbookedC.werebookedD.havebeenbooked
1）解析 B 因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。
2）.解析 C Ted是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态
3）. 解析 A “house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。
后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。
不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。
4）. 解析 D decide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。
从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。
5）. 解析 B 句中tickets是book（订票）的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在entered the office这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。
（10-15分钟）
分A、B、C三档难度，A是必须掌握，B是拔高，C是备选（给尖子生准备）
A类
（）1._____anewlibrary_____inourschoollastyear?
A.Is;builtB.Was;builtC.Does;buildD.Did;build
（）2.Anaccident____onthisroadlastweek.
A.hasbeenhappenedB.washappenedC.ishappenedD.happened
（）3.Cotton（棉花）____inthesoutheastofChina.
A.isgrownB.aregrownC.growsD.grow
（）4.Sofar,themoon____bymanalready.
A.isvisitedB.willbevisitedC.hasbeenvisitedD.wasvisited
（）5.AtalkonChinesehistory_____intheschoolhallnextweek.
A.isgivenB.hasbeengivenC.willbegivenD.gives
（）6.Howmanytrees____thisyear?
A.areplantedB.willplantC.havebeenplantedD.planted
（）7.Alotofthings____bypeopletosavethelittlegirlnow.
A.aredoingB.arebeingdoneC.hasbeendoneD.willbedone
（）8.--When___thiskindofcomputers______?
--Lastyear.
A.did;useB.was;usedC.is;usedD.are;used
（）9.TheGreatWall____allovertheworld.
A.knowsB.knewC.isknownD.wasknown
（）10.Who_____thisbook_____?
A.did;writtenB.was;writtenbyC.did;writtenD.was;written
（）11.Astory_____byGrannyyesterday.
A.wastoldusB.wastoldtousC.istoldusD.toldus
（）12.Themonkeywasseen_____offthetree.
A.jumpB.jumpsC.jumpedD.tojump
（）13.Theschoolbag___behindthechair.
A.putsB.canbeputC.canbeputtedD.canput
（）14.Olderpeople____well.
A.looksafterB.mustbelookedafterC.mustlookafterD.lookedafter
（）15.Ourteacher______carefully.
A.shouldbelistenedtoB.shouldbelistenC.belistenedD.islistened
B类
二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。
（请注意时态和语态两个方面）
1.It'ssaid（据说）thatthelongbridge______________（build）intwomonths．
2.Wheretohavethemeeting______________（discuss）now．
3.Whichlanguage_______themostwidely_______（speak）intheworld？
4.Thelostboy_____________（notfind）sofar．
5.Lastyearalargenumberoftrees______________（cut）down．
6.Thestudents_____often_____（tell）totakecareoftheirdesksandchairs.
7.Theoldmanisill.He______（mustsend）tothehospital.
8.Vegetables,eggsandfruits_________（sell）inthisshop.
9.What_______knives______（make）of?
They_______________（make）ofmetal（金属）andwood.
10.Canthemagazine___took_____（take）outofthelibrary?
11.Theroom_____________（clean）bymeeveryday.
12.Thestarscan’t_____________（see）inthedaytime.
13.Someflowers_______________（water）byLiMingalready.
14.Thiskindofshoes__________（sell）well.
15.Howlong_____youruncle______（be）inthecity?
16.Thefood_____________（smell）delicious.
17.Look!
Someone__________（dance）.
C类
1. ----Where is your money?
----My money was_______.
A. robbed B. lost C. not here no more D. stolen
2. The washing machine _______by the engineer right now.
A. repaired B. is being repaired C. is repaired D. is going to be repaired
3. Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work _______.
A. was been improved B. was being improved
C. had being improvedD. would be improved
4. They believed that by using computers the production of their factory_____.
A. will greatly increase B. would greatly increase
C. has greatly increased D. would be greatly increased
5. The Anti-Japanese War _______in 1937.
A. was broken out B. broke out C. was broken D. was happened
6. "Don``t be worried.The doctor_______".
A. has sent for B. was sent for C. will send for D. has been sent for
7. Motors _______by electricity.
A. make to run B. are made run C. were made running D. are made to run
8. Because of the patient``s health,_______.
A. he was advised by the doctor to lose weight B. losing weight was advised him by doctor C. the doctor``s advice was to him losing weight D. lose weight was what the doctor advised
9. This hospital _______in three months.
A. is completed B. had been completed C. will be completed D. will complete.
10. All the farmers were made ______from morning till night by the landlord. A. to work B. work C. working D. worked
。
（5分钟）
（留给学生写：
对本节课方法、模型、思路、公式、原理进行提炼和总结，并让学生牢记）
（ ）1._____ a new library _____ in our school last year?
A. Is; built B. Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build
（ ）2. An accident ____ on this road last week.
A. has
升级会员 