第3讲动词的语态.docx

1、第3讲 动词的语态（10-15分钟）英语的语态分为主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，而被动语态则表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“助动词be+过去分词”构成。然后用一定的形式体现出来，如：Ihadtheapplethismorning.(主动语态)Theapplewaseatenbymethismorning.(被动语态)一、被动语态概念被动语态拥有主动语态的各种时态，构成方式为be+过去分词，口语中也可用get/become+过去分词表示。被动语态侧重于动作的结果而不是动作本身，当不知道或没必要提到动作的执行者是谁或强调或突出动作的承受者时常用被动语态。 1. 被动语态的

2、基本时态变化被动语态通常为十种时态的被动形式, 被动语态由be过去分词构成，be随时态的变化而变化。以do为例，各种时态的被动语态形式为：1) am/is/are +done (过去分词) 一般现在时 2） has /have been done 现在完成时3） am/is /are being done 现在进行时4） was/were done 一般过去时5） had been done 过去完成时6） was/were being done 过去进行时7） shall/will be done 一般将来时8） should/would be done 过去将来时9） shall/will

3、 have been done 将来完成时（少用）10） should/would have been done 过去将来完成时（少用）注意：区分被动语态与“be+过去分词”结构 be+过去分词”并不一定都是被动语态，有时是系表结构。被动语态,动作的对象是主语；当“be+过去分词”表示主语所处的状态时为系表结构，be是连系动词。be后面的过去分词是表语，相当于形容词。其区分办法如下：1如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态。Theglassisbroken.(系表结构)Theglasswasbrokenbytheboy. (被动语态)2如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语

4、时，一般为被动语态ThemagazineispublishedinShanghai.。(被动语态)Thedoorislocked. (系表结构)Thedoorhasalready/justbeenlocked. (被动语态)Theshopisopened. (系表结构)Theshopisopenedat8a.m.everyday. (被动语态)3被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。二、被动语态的用法 1不知道或没有必要说明动作的执行者是谁。Somenewcomputerswerestolenlastnight.Thisbo

5、okwaspublishedin1981.2强调动作的承受者，而不强调动作的执行者。Thisbookwaswrittenbyhim.Eighthoursperdayforsleepmustbeguaranteed.3. 出于修辞需要Hewenttothecountryandwaswarmlywelcomed.他去了那个国家并受到热烈欢迎。三、主动语态变被动语态的方法 1把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2把谓语变成被动结构(be过去分词)，根据被动语态句子里的主语的人称和数，以及原来主动语态句子中动词的时态来决定be的形式。 3把主动语态中的主语放在介词by之后作宾语，将主格改为宾格。Al

6、lthepeoplelaughedathim.=HewaslaughedatbyallpeopleTheymakethebikesinthefactory.=Thebikesaremade by them inthefactory.四、含有情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的主动句变成被动句时，由“情态动词be过去分词”构成，原来带to的情态动词变成被动语态后“to”仍要保留。Wecanrepairthiswatchintwodays.=Thiswatchcanberepairedintwodays.Yououghttotakeitaway.=Itoughttobetakenaway.Theysh

7、oulddoitatonce.=Itshouldbedoneatonce五不能用被动语态的几种情况：所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用被动语态，如：takeplace,happen,burstout,breakout,belongto,occur,appear,last,rise,come,go,showup,turnup,fade,disappear,run,walk,stand,lie,exist,rest,fail等；Themeetingbrokeupatdusk.表示状态；拥有或归属；希望、意图的谓语动词，如：last、hold、benefit、contain、equal、fit、

8、join、mean、looklike、consistto；have、own、belongto；wish、want、hope、like、love、hate等。主动语态中，宾语是反身代词或相互代词eachother时，不能成为被动语态中的主语。主动句中的宾语是同源宾语、不定式或动名词等时，不用被动语态。主动形式表被动意义a）系动词feel、look、smell、taste、sound等后面接形容词时；Thefishsmellsgood.b）描述物体物理属性的动词，如：cut,sell,wear,tear,wash,run,operate,work等；Thepenwritessmoothly.The

9、senovelswontsellwell.Thiskindofclothwasheseasily.Thedoorwontlock.c）在“be+形容词+todo”的结构中，若不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，则用主动代被动。Thiskindofwaterisntfittodrink.Thegirlisnteasytogetalongwith.d）一些固定结构Somethingneeds/wants/requiresdoing.(=needs/wants/requirestobedone)ThebookisworthreadingcarefullyWithalotofhomeworktodo,Iha

10、venotimeforfun.betoblame(受谴责)、betorent（出租）六被动形式表示主动意义，如：beseated、behidden、belost、bedrunk、bedressed等。Heisseatedonabench.Hewashiddenbehindthedoor.(=Hehidhimselfbehindthedoor.)Thegirlwasdressedinaredshortskirt.七、常考考点考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组 come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belo

11、ng, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed It took place before liberation. 考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。 lock ( 锁 ) ; wash ( 洗 ); sell ( 卖 ); read ( 读 ); wear ( 穿 ); blame (责备)；ride (乘坐)； write ( 写 )； Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides s

12、moothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 考点三：一些常用经典被动句型： It is said, It is reported, It is widely believed， It is expected, It is estimated, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说”，“人们认为”， 而 “以前人们认为” 则应该说：It was believed, It was thought（15-20分钟）1). In some parts of the world, tea _ with m

13、ilk and sugar. (NMET1993) A. is serving B. is served C. serves D. served 2). This is Teds phone. We miss him a lot. He _ trying to save a child in the earthquake.(NMET2002) A. killed B. is killed C. was killed D. was killing 3). - Have you moved into the new house? - Not yet, the rooms _. (NMET1991)

14、 A. are being painted B. are painting C. are painted D. are being painting 4). When and where to go for the on-salary holiday _ yet. （上海春2003） A. are not decided B. have not been decided C. is not being decided D. has not been decided 5). The manager entered the office and was happy to learn that fo

15、ur-fifths of the tickets _.（上海春2001） A. was booked B. had been booked C. were booked D. have been booked 1）解析B因为serve是及物动词，其动作承受者tea作主语，表示经常发生的情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态。2).解析CTed是kill的承受者，用被动语态，且Ted救人发生在过去，所以用一般过去时的被动语态3).解析A“house”和“paint”应该是被动的关系，排除B，D。后者未搬进新居的原因是房子正在油漆，所以要用现在进行时的被动语态。不能用一般现在时表示习惯性动作，排除C。4)

16、.解析Ddecide是及物动词，动作的发出者通常是人，句中的主语是动作的承受者，所以decide要用被动语态。从题干的语境和关键词yet，可判断用现在完成时，不定式做主语用单数，故用现在完成时的被动语态。5).解析B句中tickets是book(订票)的承受者，主谓为被动关系，又因票已被订出应发生在enteredtheoffice这个过去动作之前，所以要用过去完成时的被动语态。（10-15分钟）分A、B、C三档难度，A是必须掌握，B是拔高，C是备选（给尖子生准备） A类( )1._ a new library _ in our school last year? A. Is; built B.

17、 Was; built C. Does; build D. Did ; build ( )2. An accident _ on this road last week. A. has been happened B. was happened C. is happened D. happened ( )3.Cotton（棉花） _ in the southeast of China. A. is grown B. are grown C. grows D. grow ( )4.So far, the moon _ by man already. A. is visited B. will b

18、e visited C. has been visited D. was visited ( )5.A talk on Chinese history _ in the school hall next week. A. is given B. has been given C. will be given D. gives ( )6.How many trees _ this year? A. are planted B. will plant C. have been planted D. planted ( )7.A lot of things _ by people to save t

19、he little girl now. A. are doing B. are being done C. has been done D. will be done ( )8.-When _ this kind of computers_? -Last year. A. did; use B. was; used C. is; used D. are; used ( )9.The Great Wall _ all over the world. A. knows B. knew C. is known D. was known ( )10.Who _ this book _? A. did;

20、 written B. was; written by C. did; written D. was; written ( )11.A story _ by Granny yesterday. A. was told us B. was told to us C. is told us D. told us ( )12.The monkey was seen _ off the tree. A. jump B. jumps C. jumped D. to jump ( )13.The school bag _ behind the chair. A. puts B. can be put C.

21、 can be putted D. can put ( )14.Older people _ well. A. looks after B. must be looked after C. must look after D. looked after ( )15.Our teacher _ carefully. A. should be listened to B. should be listen C. be listened D. is listened B类二、用括号内所给动词的正确形式填空。(请注意时态和语态两个方面)1.Its said(据说) that the long brid

22、ge_（build）in two months 2.Where to have the meeting _ （discuss）now 3.Which language _the most widely_（speak）in the world？ 4.The lost boy_（not find）so far 5.Last year a large number of trees_（cut）down 6. The students _ often _(tell) to take care of their desks and chairs. 7. The old man is ill. He _

23、(must send) to the hospital. 8. Vegetables, eggs and fruits_ (sell) in this shop. 9. What _ knives _ (make) of ? They_(make) of metal(金属) and wood. 10. Can the magazine _took_ (take) out of the library? 11. The room _ (clean) by me every day. 12. The stars cant _ (see) in the daytime. 13. Some flowe

24、rs _ (water) by Li Ming already. 14. This kind of shoes _ (sell) well. 15. How long _ your uncle _(be) in the city? 16. The food _ (smell) delicious.17. Look! Someone _(dance). C类1.-Whereisyourmoney?-Mymoneywas_.A.robbedB.lostC.notherenomoreD.stolen2.Thewashingmachine_bytheengineerrightnow.A.repaire

25、dB.isbeingrepairedC.isrepairedD.isgoingtoberepaired3.Shortlyafterwards,Inoticedtomysatisfactionthattheirwork_.A.wasbeenimproved B.wasbeingimprovedC.hadbeingimproved D.wouldbeimproved4.Theybelievedthatbyusingcomputerstheproductionoftheirfactory_. A.willgreatlyincreaseB.wouldgreatlyincreaseC.hasgreatl

26、yincreasedD.wouldbegreatlyincreased5.TheAnti-JapaneseWar_in1937.A.wasbrokenoutB.brokeoutC.wasbrokenD.washappened6.Dontbeworried.Thedoctor_.A.hassentfor B.wassentforC.willsendforD.hasbeensentfor7.Motors_byelectricity.A.maketorunB.aremaderunC.weremaderunningD.aremadetorun8.Becauseofthepatientshealth,_

27、.A.hewasadvisedbythedoctortoloseweightB.losingweightwasadvisedhimbydoctor C.thedoctorsadvicewastohimlosingweightD.loseweightwaswhatthedoctoradvised9.Thishospital_inthreemonths.A.iscompletedB.hadbeencompletedC.willbecompletedD.willcomplete.10.Allthefarmersweremade_frommorningtillnightbythelandlord.A.toworkB.workC.workingD.worked。（5分钟）（留给学生写：对本节课方法、模型、思路、公式、原理进行提炼和总结，并让学生牢记） ()1._anewlibrary_inourschoollastyear?A.Is;builtB.Was;builtC.Does;buildD.Did;build()2.Anaccident_onthisroadlastweek.A.has