奥运会英文广播稿.docx

奥运会英文广播稿.docx

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奥运会英文广播稿

ThemodernOlympicGamesorOlympicsareleadinginternationalsportingeventsfeaturingsummerandwintersportscompetitionsinwhichthousandsofathletesfromaroundtheworldparticipateinavarietyofcompetitions.TheOlympicGamesareconsideredtheworld'sforemostsportscompetitionwithmorethan200nationsparticipating.TheOlympicGamesareheldeveryfouryears,withtheSummerandWinterGamesalternatingbyoccurringeveryfouryearsbuttwoyearsapart.

TheircreationwasinspiredbytheancientOlympicGames,whichwereheldinOlympia,Greece,fromthe8thcenturyBCtothe4thcenturyAD.BaronPierredeCoubertinfoundedtheInternationalOlympicCommitteein1894.TheIOCisthegoverningbodyoftheOlympicMovement,withtheOlympicCharterdefiningitsstructureandauthority.

TheevolutionoftheOlympicMovementduringthe20thand21stcenturieshasresultedinseveralchangestotheOlympicGames.SomeoftheseadjustmentsincludethecreationoftheWinterOlympicGamesforiceandwintersports,theParalympicGamesforathleteswithadisability,andtheYouthOlympicGamesforteenageathletes.TheIOChashadtoadapttoavarietyofeconomic,political,andtechnologicaladvancements.Asaresult,theOlympicshasshiftedawayfrompureamateurism,asenvisionedbyCoubertin,toallowingparticipationofprofessionalathletes.ThegrowingimportanceofmassmediacreatedtheissueofcorporatesponsorshipandcommercialisationoftheGames.Worldwarsledtothecancellationofthe1916,1940,and1944Games.LargeboycottsduringtheColdWarlimitedparticipationinthe1980and1984Games.

TheOlympicMovementconsistsofinternationalsportsfederations,NationalOlympicCommittees,andorganisingcommitteesforeachspecificOlympicGames.Asthedecision-makingbody,theIOCisresponsibleforchoosingthehostcityforeachGames,andorganisesandfundstheGamesaccordingtotheOlympicCharter.TheIOCalsodeterminestheOlympicprogramme,consistingofthesportstobecontestedattheGames.ThereareseveralOlympicritualsandsymbols,suchastheOlympicflagandtorch,aswellastheopeningandclosingceremonies.Over13,000athletescompeteattheSummerandWinterOlympicGamesin33differentsportsandnearly400events.Thefirst,second,andthird-placefinishersineacheventreceiveOlympicmedals:

gold,silver,andbronze,respectively.

TheGameshavegrownsomuchthatnearlyeverynationisnowrepresented.Thisgrowthhascreatednumerouschallengesandcontroversies,includingboycotts,doping,bribery,andaterroristattackin1972.EverytwoyearstheOlympicsanditsmediaexposureprovideunknownathleteswiththechancetoattainnationalandsometimesinternationalfame.TheGamesalsoconstituteanopportunityforthehostcityandcountrytoshowcasethemselvestotheworld.

AncientOlympics

TheAncientOlympicGameswerereligiousandathleticfestivalsheldeveryfouryearsatthesanctuaryof Zeus in Olympia,Greece.Competitionwasamongrepresentativesofseveral city-states andkingdomsof AncientGreece.TheseGamesfeaturedmainlyathleticbutalsocombatsportssuchaswrestlingandthepankration,horseandchariotracingevents.IthasbeenwidelywrittenthatduringtheGames,allconflictsamongtheparticipatingcity-stateswerepostponeduntiltheGameswerefinished.ThiscessationofhostilitieswasknownastheOlympicpeaceortruce.[3] ThisideaisamodernmythbecausetheGreeksneversuspendedtheirwars.ThetrucedidallowthosereligiouspilgrimswhoweretravellingtoOlympiatopassthroughwarringterritoriesunmolestedbecausetheywereprotectedbyZeus.[4] TheoriginoftheOlympicsisshroudedinmysteryandlegend;[5] oneofthemostpopularmythsidentifies Heracles andhisfather Zeus astheprogenitorsoftheGames.[6][7][8] Accordingtolegend,itwasHeracleswhofirstcalledtheGames"Olympic"andestablishedthecustomofholdingthemeveryfouryears.[9] ThemythcontinuesthatafterHeraclescompletedhis twelvelabours,hebuiltthe OlympicStadium asanhonourtoZeus.Followingitscompletion,hewalkedinastraightlinefor200stepsandcalledthisdistancea"stadion"（Greek:

 στάδιον, Latin:

 stadium,"stage"）,whichlaterbecamea unitofdistance.ThemostwidelyacceptedinceptiondatefortheAncientOlympicsis776 BC;thisisbasedoninscriptions,foundatOlympia,listingthewinnersofafootraceheldeveryfouryearsstartingin776 BC.[10] TheAncientGamesfeaturedrunningevents,apentathlon（consistingofajumpingevent, discus andjavelinthrows,afootrace,andwrestling）,boxing,wrestling, pankration,andequestrian events.[11][12] Traditionhasitthat Coroebus,acookfromthecityof Elis,wasthefirstOlympicchampion.[13]

TheOlympicswereoffundamentalreligiousimportance,featuringsportingeventsalongsideritualsacrificeshonouringbothZeus（whose famousstatue by Phidias stoodinhistempleat Olympia）and Pelops,divineheroandmythicalkingofOlympia.PelopswasfamousforhischariotracewithKing Oenomaus of Pisatis.[14] Thewinnersoftheeventswereadmiredandimmortalisedinpoemsandstatues.[15] TheGameswereheldeveryfouryears,andthisperiod,knownasan Olympiad,wasusedbyGreeksasoneoftheirunitsoftimemeasurement.TheGameswerepartofacycleknownasthe PanhellenicGames,whichincludedthe PythianGames,the NemeanGames,andthe IsthmianGames.[16]

TheOlympicGamesreachedtheir zenith inthe6thand5th centuries BC,butthengraduallydeclinedinimportanceasthe Romans gainedpowerandinfluenceinGreece.WhilethereisnoscholarlyconsensusastowhentheGamesofficiallyended,themostcommonlyhelddateis393 AD,whentheemperor TheodosiusI decreedthatallpagancultsandpracticesbeeliminated.[17]Anotherdatecommonlycitedis426 AD,whenhissuccessor, TheodosiusII,orderedthedestructionofallGreektemples.[18]

ModernGames

Forerunners

Varioususesoftheterm"Olympic"todescribeathleticeventsinthemodernerahavebeendocumentedsincethe17thcentury.Thefirstsucheventwasthe CotswoldGames or"CotswoldOlimpickGames",anannualmeetingnear ChippingCampden,England,involvingvarioussports.Itwasfirstorganisedbythelawyer RobertDoverbetween1612and1642,withseverallatercelebrationsleadinguptothepresentday.The BritishOlympicAssociation,initsbidforthe 2012OlympicGames inLondon,mentionedthesegamesas"thefirststirringsofBritain'sOlympicbeginnings".[19]

L'OlympiadedelaRépublique,anationalOlympicfestivalheldannuallyfrom1796to1798in RevolutionaryFrance alsoattemptedtoemulatetheancientOlympicGames.[20] ThecompetitionincludedseveraldisciplinesfromtheancientGreekOlympics.The1796Gamesalsomarkedtheintroductionofthe metricsystem intosport.[20]

In1850anOlympianClasswasstartedby WilliamPennyBrookes at MuchWenlock,in Shropshire,England.In1859,Brookeschangedthenametothe WenlockOlympianGames.Thisannualsportsfestivalcontinuestothisday.[21] TheWenlockOlympianSocietywasfoundedbyBrookeson15November1860.[22]

Between1862and1867, Liverpool heldanannualGrandOlympicFestival.Devisedby JohnHulley and CharlesMelly,thesegameswerethefirsttobewhollyamateurinnatureandinternationalinoutlook,althoughonly'gentlemenamateurs'couldcompete.[23][24] TheprogrammeofthefirstmodernOlympiadinAthensin1896wasalmostidenticaltothatoftheLiverpoolOlympics.[25] In1865Hulley,BrookesandE.G.RavensteinfoundedtheNationalOlympianAssociationinLiverpool,aforerunnerofthe BritishOlympicAssociation.Itsarticlesoffoundationprovidedtheframeworkforthe InternationalOlympicCharter.[26] In1866,anationalOlympicGamesinGreatBritainwasorganisedatLondon's CrystalPalace.[27]

Revival

GreekinterestinrevivingtheOlympicGamesbeganwiththe GreekWarofIndependence fromthe OttomanEmpire in1821.Itwasfirstproposedbypoetandnewspapereditor PanagiotisSoutsos inhispoem"DialogueoftheDead",publishedin1833.[28] EvangelosZappas,awealthyGreek-Romanianphilanthropist,firstwroteto KingOttoofGreece,in1856,offeringtofundapermanentrevivaloftheOlympicGames.[29] Zappassponsoredthefirst OlympicGames in1859,whichwasheldinan Athenscitysquare.AthletesparticipatedfromGreeceandtheOttomanEmpire.Zappasfundedtherestorationoftheancient PanathenaicStadium sothatitcouldhostallfutureOlympicGames.[29]

ThestadiumhostedOlympicsin1870and1875.[30] ThirtythousandspectatorsattendedthatGamesin1870,thoughnoofficialattendancerecordsareavailableforthe1875Games.[31] In1890,afterattendingtheOlympianGamesofthe WenlockOlympianSociety,Baron PierredeCoubertin wasinspiredtofoundthe InternationalOlympicCommittee （IOC）.[32] CoubertinbuiltontheideasandworkofBrookesandZappaswiththeaimofestablishinginternationallyrotatingOlympicGamesthatwouldoccureveryfouryears.[32] Hepresentedtheseideasduringthefirst OlympicCongress ofthenewlycreatedInternationalOlympicCommittee.Thismeetingwasheldfrom16to23June1894,atthe UniversityofParis.OnthelastdayoftheCongress,itwasdecidedthatthefirstOlympicGamestocomeundertheauspicesoftheIOCwouldtakeplaceinAthensin1896.[33] TheIOCelectedtheGreekwriter DemetriusVikelas asitsfirstpresident.[34]

1896Games

ThefirstGamesheldundertheauspicesoftheIOCwashostedinthePanathenaicStadiuminAthensin1896.TheGamesbroughttogether14nationsand241athleteswhocompetedin43events.[35] Zappasandhiscousin KonstantinosZappas hadlefttheGreekgovernmentatrusttofundfutureOlympicGames.Thistrustwasusedtohe