英语高级视听说下原文.docx

英语高级视听说下原文.docx

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英语高级视听说下原文

UNIT3APILLTOFORGET

（CBS）Ifthereweresomethingyoucouldtakeafterexperiencingapainfulor

traumaticeventthatwouldpermanentlyweakenyourmemoryofwhathadjust

happened,wouldyoutakeit?

AscorrespondentLesleyStahlreports,it’sanidea

maynotbesofaroff,andthathassomecriticsalarmed,andsometraumavictims

filledwithhope.

"Icouldn'tgetmybodytostopshaking.Iwastrembling,constantlytrembling.

Memoriesofitwouldjustcomeback,reoccurringoverandoverandover,"subway

conductorBeatrizArguedasrecalls.

LastSept.30,BeatrizwasdrivinghernormalrouteontheRedLineinBostonwhen

oneofherworstfearscametopass:

"Uponenteringoneofthebusieststations,a

manjumpedinfrontofmytrain,tocommitsuicide,"sheexplains.

Beatrizsawthemanjump."WesortofmadeeyecontactandthenIfeltthethud

fromhimhittingthetrainandthenthecracklingsoundunderneaththetrainand,

then,ofcourse,myheartstartsthumping,"sherecalls.

"Shecameintoouremergencyroomafterwards,veryupset.Nophysicalinjury.

Entirelyapsychologicaltrauma,"saysDr.RogerPitman,apsychiatristatHarvard

MedicalSchoolwhohasstudiedandtreatedpatientswithpost-traumaticstress

disorder,orPTSD,for25years.

"They'recaughtupsomuchwiththispasteventthatit'sconstantlyintheirmind,"

Pitmanexplains."They'relivingitoverandoverandoverasifit'shappeningagain.

Andtheyjustcan'tgetinvolvedinreallife."

WhenBeatrizarrivedintheemergencyroom,Pitmanenrolledherinanexperimentalstudyofadrugcalledpropranolol,amedicationcommonlyusedfor

highbloodpressure...andunofficiallyforstagefright.Pitmanthoughtitmightdo

somethingalmostmagical–trickBeatriz’sbrainintomawkeinagkearmemoryofthe

eventshehadjustexperienced.

Inthestudy,whichisstillunderway,halfthesubjectsgetpropranolol;halfgeta

placebo.

AskedwhetherheknowsifBeatrizgotthedrugortheplacebo,Dr.Pitmansayshe

hasnoideaandneitherdoesshe,andthattheresearchteamwon'tknowfor

anothertwoyears.

IfPitmanisright,theresultscouldfundamentallychangethewayaccidentvictims,

rapevictims,evensoldiersaretreatedaftertheyexperiencetrauma.

Thestorybeginswithsomesurprisingdiscoveriesaboutmemory.Itturnsoutour

memoriesaresortoflikeJello–theytaketimetosolidifyinourbrains.Andwhilethey'resetting,it'spossibletomakethemstrongerorweaker.Italldependsonthe

stresshormoneadrenaline.

ThemanwhodiscoveredthisisJamesMcGaugh,aprofessorofneurobiologyatthe

UniversityofCalifornia,Irvine.

McGaughstudiesmemoryinrats,andheinvitedStahltowatchthemakingofaratmemory–inthiscasehowaratwho'sneverbeeninthistankofwaterbeforelearns

howtofindaclearplasticplatformjustbelowthesurface.

"He’llswimaroundrandomy,l"McGaughexplains.Theratcannotseetheplatform,

sincehiseyesareonthetopofhishead.

Theratwillswimaroundtheedgeforalongtime,untileventuallyheventuresout

andbychancebumpsintotheplatform.Thenextday,he'llfindtheplatformalittle

bitfaster.

Butanotherrat,whohadlearnedwheretheplatformwasthedayprior,andthen

receivedashotofadrenalineimmediatelyafterwards,todayswaminstantlytothe

platform.

Adrenalineactuallymadethisrat'sbrainrememberbetter,andMcGaughbelieves

thesamethinghappensinpeople."SupposeIsaidtoyou,'Youknow,I'vewatched

yourprogramsalotovertheyears,andalthoughitpainsmetohavetotellyouthis,I

thinkyou'reoneofworstpeopleI'veeverseenonn'ttak⋯eitn,odwond'totakeit

personally,'"McGaughsays.

"So,mystresssystemwouldgointooverdrive,noquestion,"Stahlsays.

"Evenwithmytellingyouthatit'snottrue,there'snothingtokeepyoufromblushing,

fromfeelingwarmallover,"McGaughpointsout."That'stheadrenaline.AndIdare

saythatyou'regonnaremembermyhavingsaidthatlongafteryou'veforgottenthe

otherdetailsofourdiscussionhere.Iguaranteeit."

McGaughsaysthat’swhywerememberimportantandemotionaleviennotsurlives

morethanregularday-to-dayexperiences.Thenextstepinhisresearchwastosee

whatwouldhappenwhenadrenalinewasblocked;hestartedexperimentingwith

propranolol.

"Propranololsitsonthatnervecellandblocksit,sothat,thinkofthisasbeingakey,

andthisisalock,theholeinthelockisblockedbecauseofpropranololsittingthere.

Soadrenalinecanbepresent,butitcan'tdoitsjob,"McGaughexplains.

McGaughshowedStahlathirdratthathadlearnedwheretheplatformwasonthe

previousdayandthenreceivedaninjectionofpropranolol.Thenextday,therat

swamaroundtheedge,asifhehadforgottenthereeverwasaplatformoutthere.

AcrossthecountryatHarvard,RogerPitmanreadMcGaugh'sstudiesandalightbulb

wenton."WhenIreadaboutthis,Isaid,'Thishasgottobehowpost-traumatic

stressdisorderworks.'Becausethinkaboutwhathappenstoaperson.Firstofall,

theyhaveahorriblytraumaticevent,andtheyhaveintensefearandhelplessness.So

thatintensefearandhelplessnessisgonnastimulateadrenaline,"Pitmansays."And

thenwhatdowefindthreemonthsorsixmonthsor20yearslater?

Excessively

strongmemories."

Pitmanfiguredhecouldblockthatcyclebygivingtraumavictimspropranololright

away...beforeadrenalinecouldmakethememoriestoostrong.Hestartedrecruiting

patientsforasmallpilotstudy.OneofthefirstwasKathleenLogue,aparalegalwho

hadbeenknockeddowninthemiddleofabusyBostonstreetbyabicyclist.

"Hejusthitthewholeleftsideofmybody.AnditseemedlikeforeverthatIwas

layinginthemiddleofStateStreet,downtownBoston,"Logueremembers.

Shesaysshewasterrifiedthatshewasjustgoingtogetrunover.

Aspartofthestudy,Loguetookpropranololfourtimesadayfor10days.Likethe

otherswhogotthedrug,threemonthslatersheshowednophysiologicalsignsof

PTSD,whileseveralsubjectswhogotaplacebodid.ThoseresultsgotPitmanfunding

foralargerstudybytheNationalInstitutesofHealth.

ButthenthePresident’sCouncilonBioethicscondemnedthestudyinareportthat

saidourmemoriesmakeuswhoweareandthat"re-writing"memories

pharmacologically⋯risks"underminingourtruetiitdye."n

"Thisisaquote.'Itrisksmakingshamefulactsseemlessshamefulorterribleactsless

terriblethantheyreallyare,'"StahlreadstoLogue.

"Aterribleact,"shereplies."Whyshouldyouhavetolivewithiteverydayofyour

life?

Itdoesn'terasethefactthatithappened.Itdoesn'teraseyourmemoryofit.It

makesiteasiertorememberandfunction."

DavidMagnus,directorofStanfordUniversity’sCenterforBiomedicalEthics,sayshe

worriesthatitwon'tbejusttraumavictimstryingtodullpainfulmemories.

"Fromthepointofviewofapharmaceuticalindustry,they'regoingtohaveevery

interestinhavingasmanypeopleaspossiblediagnosedwiththisconditionandhave

itusedasbroadlyaspossible.That'stherealityofhowdrugsgetintroducedand

utilized,"Magnusargues.

He’sconcerneditwillbeusedfortrivialreasons."IfIembarrassmyselfataparty

FridaynightandinsteadoffeelingbadaboutitIcouldtakeapillthenI'mgoingto

avoid–nothavetoavoidmakingafoolofmyselfatparties,"Magnussays.

"Soyouthinkthatthatembarrassmentandallofthatisteachingus?

"Stahlasks.

"Absolutely,"Magnussays."Ourbreakups,ourrelationships,aspainfulastheyare,

welearnfromsomeofthosepainfulexperiences.Theymakeusbetterpeople."

Butwhiletheethicistsdebatetheissue,thescienceismovingforward.Researchers

haveshowninratstudiesthatpropranololcanalsobluntoldmemories.

Pitmanwondered:

Coulditworkinhumans?

HeteamedupwithCanadiancolleague

AlainBrunet,whosearchedforpeoplewithlong-standingPTSD,likeRitaMagil.She

hadsufferedforthreeyearsfromnightmaresafteralife-threateningcaraccident.

AnotherstudysubjectisLouiseO'Donnell-Jasmin,whowasrapedbyadoctoratthe

ageof12."Herapedmeonhisdesk,onachair,andonthefloor.It,forme,itwaslike

Iwasdyinginside,"sheremembers."Theworldhadended."

O'Donnell-Jasminwashauntedbytherapeformorethan30years.Sheneverfelt

comfortableundressinginfrontofherhusbandandsufferedfromrecurrent

flashbacksandnightmares.

Thestudywassimple:

Subjectscameinandwereaskedtothinkaboutandwrite

downeverydetailtheycouldrememberabouttheirtrauma;inMagil'scase,hercar

accident,reactivatingthememoryinherbrain.Shewasthengivenpropranolol.

Ritasaysshesufferednosideeffects.

Aweeklater,electrodesmeasuredherbody’sstressresponseasshelistenedtoa

retellingofhertrauma.Askedwhathappened,Magilsays,"Noreaction."

Andshesaysshehadnomorenightmares.

ThepatientwhomadethemostdramaticrecoveryturnedouttobeO'Donnell-Jasmin,butthere'sacatch,becauseshewasinacontrolgroupand

thereforewasn’tsupposedtoimproveatall.

O'Donnell-Jasminwasgivenpropranolol,butunlikeMagil,shetookthedrugwhile

watchingapleasantmovie,notaftertellingeverydetailaboutherrape.Andyet,a

weeklater,shenoticedachange."Iwakeup.AndIfindmyselfundressing.Andmy

husbandisthere.AndIrealizeI'mundressing,andI'mnotfeelingasthoughIneedto

hideunderthebedanymore,"sheexplains.

Askedifitisgone,O'Donnell-Jasminsays,"Yes.Thelink,whatheldtheemotionsto

thememories,it'sliketheumbilicalcordhasbeencut.AndthereisnowayIcan

accesstheemotionsanymore.Andfurthermore,e