自然建筑与可持续水利工程外文文献翻译.docx

自然建筑与可持续水利工程外文文献翻译.docx

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自然建筑与可持续水利工程外文文献翻译

文献信息：

文献标题：

Sustainablehydraulicengineeringthroughbuildingwithnature（与自然共建，形成可持续水利工程）

文献作者及出处：

DeVriendHJ,vanKoningsveldM,AarninkhofSGJ,etal.Sustainablehydraulicengineeringthroughbuildingwithnature[J].JournalofHydro-environmentresearch,2015,9

（2）:

159-171.

字数统计：

英文4059单词，22465字符；中文7180汉字

外文文献：

Sustainablehydraulicengineeringthroughbuildingwithnature

AbstractHydraulicengineeringinfrastructuresareofconcerntomanypeopleandarelikelytointerferewiththeenvironment.Moreover,theyaresupposedtokeeponfunctioningformanyyears.Intimesofrapidsocietalandenvironmentalchangethisimpliesthatsustainabilityandadaptabilityareimportantattributes.ThesearecentraltoBuildingwithNature（BwN）,aninnovativeapproachtohydraulicengineeringinfrastructuredevelopmentandoperation.Startingfromthenaturalsystemandmakinguseofnature'secosystemservices,BwNattemptstomeetsociety'sneedsforinfrastructuralfunctionality,andtocreateroomfornaturedevelopmentatthesametime.Byincludingnaturalcomponentsininfrastructuredesigns,flexibility,adaptabilitytochangingenvironmentalconditionsandextrafunctionalitiesandecosystemservicescanbeachieved,oftenatlowercostsonalife-cyclebasisthan‘traditional’engineeringsolutions.Thepapershowsbyanumberofexamplesthatthisrequiresadifferentwayofthinking,actingandinteracting.

Keywords:

Buildingwithnature;Sustainability;Infrastructure;Hydraulicengineering;Ecosystemservices;Design

1.Introduction

Present-daytrendsinsociety（urbanizationofdeltaareas,growingglobaltradeandenergydemand,stakeholderemancipation,etc.）andintheenvironment（reducingbiodiversity,climatechange,acceleratedrelativesealevelrise,etc.）puteverhigherdemandsonengineeringinfrastructures.Mono-functionalsolutionsdesignedwithoutdueconsiderationofthesurroundingsystemarenolongeraccepted.Sustainability,multi-functionalityandstakeholderinvolvementarerequiredinstead.Thistrendequallyappliestohydraulicengineeringworksandtheassociatedwatersystemmanagement.Thedesignofhydraulicengineeringprojectsisnolongertheexclusivedomainofhydraulicengineers.Collaborationwithotherdisciplines,suchasecology,economy,socialsciencesandadministrativesciencesiscrucialtocometoacceptablesolutions.Thespecialistsinvolvedinsuchdesignprojectsmustlearnhowtoputforwardtheirexpertiseinmuchmorecomplexdecisionmakingprocessesthanbefore:

beingrightaccordingtothelawsofphysicsnolongerguaranteesbeingheardinsuchprocesses.Ifthisrealityisignored,itmayleadtolongandcostlydelaysofprojects,asstakeholdersandotherinterestedpartiesarebecomingevermoreproficientinusingthelegalopportunitiestoopposedevelopmentsandhavedecisionspostponed.IntheNetherlandsthecourt-casesthatdelayedtherealisationoftheextensionoftheRotterdamharbourtaughtanexpensivelesson,keepingtheinvestmentsintheinitiation,planninganddesignphasesoftheprojectwithoutanyreturnforalongtime.

Thisandotherexperiencestriggeredtheawarenessthatprojectsshouldbedevelopeddifferently,withnatureandstakeholderinterestsincorporatedrightfromthestart.Inotherwords:

fromareactiveapproach,minimizingandmitigatingtheimpactsofasetdesign,toapro-activeone,optimizingonallfunctionsandecosystemservices.AlthoughinprincipletheconceptofBuildingwithNature（BwN）isbroaderthanhydraulicengineering,wewillfocushereonwater-relatedprojects.Thispaper,whichisanextensionofDeVriend（2013）,discussestheprojectdevelopmentstepsastheyhavebeensuggestedbytheBwNinnovationprogrammeandillustratestheirusebydescribinganumberofhydraulicengineeringprojectsinwhichtheconcepthasbeentestedandsomeotherexampleswheresuccessfulapplicationistobeexpected.

2.Thebuildingwithnature（BwN）concept

2.1.Generalprinciples

BuildingwithNature（BwN）isaboutmeetingsociety'sinfrastructuraldemandsbystartingfromthefunctioningofthenaturalandsocietalsystemsinwhichthisinfrastructureistoberealized.Theaimisnotonlytocomplywiththesesystems,butalsotomakeoptimumuseofthemandatthesametimecreatenewopportunitiesforthem.Thisapproachisinlinewiththeneedtofinddifferentwaysofoperationanditrequiresadifferentwayofthinking,actingandinteracting（DeVriendandVanKoningsveld,2012;DeVriendetal.,2014）.

2.1.1.Thinking

Thinkingdoesnotstartfromacertaindesignconceptfocussingontheprimaryfunction,butratherfromthenaturalsystem,itsdynamics,functionsandservices,andfromthevestedinterestsofstakeholders.Withinthiscontext,oneseeksoptimalsolutionsforthedesiredinfrastructuralfunctionality.

2.1.2.Acting

Theprojectdevelopmentprocessrequiresdifferentacting,becauseitismorecollaborativeandextendsbeyondthedeliveryoftheengineeringobject.Thenaturalcomponentsembeddedintheprojectwilltaketimetodevelopafterwards,andonehastomakesuretheyfunctionasexpected.Postdeliverymonitoringandprojectionsintothefutureareanintegralpartoftheproject.Thisalsocreatesopportunitiestolearnalotmorefromtheseprojectsthanfromtraditionalones（seealsoGareletal.,2014）.

2.1.3.Interacting

BwNprojectdevelopmentisamatterofco-creationbetweenexpertsfromdifferentdisciplines,problemownersandstakeholders（e.g.,Temmermanetal.,2013）.Thisrequiresadifferentattitudeofallpartiesinvolvedanddifferentwaysofinteraction,ininterdisciplinarycollaborativesettingsratherthaneachactortakingawayhistaskandexecutingitinrelativeisolation.

2.2.Designsteps

Projectdevelopment,albeititeratively,generallygoesthroughanumberofconsecutivephases.TheBwNinnovationprogrammedistinguished‘initiation’,‘planninganddesign’,‘construction’and‘operationandmaintenance’.BwNsolutionsmaybeintroducedineachprojectphaseintheformofecologicallypreferableandmoresustainableapproaches.Althoughthereisroomforimprovementinanyphase,theearliertheapproachisembracedintheprojectdevelopmentprocess,thegreaterisitspotentialimpact.

Animportantstartingpointforanydevelopmentshouldbetheenvironmentathand.AkeycharacteristicthatdistinguishesaBwNdesignfromotherintegratedapproachesistheproactiveutilizationand/orprovisionofecosystemservicesaspartoftheengineeringsolution.Thefollowingdesignstepsweredeveloped,testedandsupportedbyscientificknowledgeintheBwNinnovationprogramme（DeVriendandVanKoningsveld,2012;EcoShape,2012）:

●Step1:

Understandthesystem（includingecosystemservices,valuesandinterests）.

—Thesystemtobeconsidereddependsontheprojectobjectives.Theprojectobjectivesareinfluencedbythesystem（problems,opportunities）;

—Informationaboutthesystemathandcan/shouldbederivedfromvarioussources（historic,academic,localetc.）;

—Lookforuserfunctionsandeco-systemservicesbeyondthoserelevantfortheprimaryobjective.

●Step2:

Identifyrealisticalternativesthatuseand/orprovideecosystemservices.

—Takeaninvertedperspectiveandturntraditionalreactiveperspectivesintoproactiveonesutilizingand/orprovidingecosystemservices;

—Involveacademicexperts,fieldpractitioners,communitymembers,businessowners,decisionmakersandotherstakeholdersintheformulationofalternatives.

●Step3:

Evaluatethequalitiesofeachalternativeandpreselectanintegralsolution.

—Morevaluedoesnotnecessarilyimplyhigherconstructioncost;

—Daretoembraceinnovativeideas,testthemandshowhowtheyworkoutinpracticalexamples;

—Performacost-benefitanalysisincludingvaluationofnaturalbenefits;

—Involvestakeholdersinthevaluationandselectionprocess.

●Step4:

Fine-tunetheselectedsolution（practicalrestrictionsandthegovernancecontext）.

—Considertheconditions/restrictionsprovidedbytheproject（negotiable/non-negotiable）;

—Implementationofsolutionsrequiresinvolvementofanetworkofactorsandstakeholders.

●Step5:

Preparethesolutionforimplementationinthenextprojectphase.

—Makeessentialelementsofthesolutionexplicittofacilitateuptakeinthenextphase（appropriatelevelofdetailvariesperphase）;

—Prepareanappropriaterequestforproposals,termsofreferenceorcontract（permitting）;

—Organiserequiredfunding（multi-source）;

—Prepareriskanalysisandcontingencyplans.

Fundamentaltotheabovedesignstepsisathoroughknowledgeofhowthenaturalsystemfunctionsandacorrectinterpretationofthesignalstobereadfromitsbehaviour.Thelattermayindicateinwhatdirectionthesystemisevolving,howbesttointegratethedesiredinfrastructureintoitandhowtomakeuseoftheecosystemservicesavailable.Theymayalsoprovideanearlywarningofadversedevelopments,orindicateanincreasedsensitivitytonaturalhazards.Investinginincreasedunderstandingofthenaturalsystemanditsinherentvariabilitydoesnotonlypayofftotherealisationoftheprojectathand,butalsotothesystem'soverallmanagement.

2.3.Spectrumofapplicability

WhatkindofBwNsolutionmaybeappliedinagivensituation,beitcoastalorriverine,sandyormuddyordominatedbylivingcomponents,isgovernedbytheambientphysicalsystem.Practicalexperiencehasshownthatfourparametersspanuparangeofpotentialapplications:

bedslope,hydrodynamicenergy,salinityandgeoclimaticregion（e.g.,temperateortropical）.

2.3.1.Flatslopes

Inlow-slopeenvironmentsgenericBwNsolutionscanbecompletelysediment-based.Thisistrueforbothsalineandfresh