城市的生态田园农业资源与经济和市场.docx

城市的生态田园农业资源与经济和市场.docx

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城市的生态田园农业资源与经济和市场

MeatprocessingandGardenCity,KS:

Boomandbust 

RuralStudies

InDecember1980,theworld'slargestbeefprocessingplantopened10mileswestofGardenCity,KS.ThreeyearslateranotherbeefplantopenedonGardenCity'seasternedge.Fullemploymentinthesurroundingregionmeantthatmostofthe4000workersneededtoruntheseplantshadtocomefromelsewhere—andtheydid.GardenCitygrewbyone-thirdfrom1980to1985,anditbecameamodernboomtown.GardenCitysufferedmanyofthesocialproblemsassociatedwiththeenergyboomtownsoftheRockyMountainWestdescribedbyearlierresearchers.Butunlikethejobscreatedinthoseearlierboomtowns,meatpackingpaidpoorlyandprovidedfewbenefits.OnChristmasnightin2000,afiredestroyedoneofthebeefplants,putting2300peopleoutofwork.Fouryearsafterthefire,theplantremainsclosedandthetown'seconomyisindecline.Thispaperdescribesthesocialandeconomicconsequencesforaboomtownwhenamajorengineofitseconomygoesbust.

Urbanizationandclass-producednatures:

VegetablegardensintheBarcelonaMetropolitanRegion 

Geoforum

ThispaperexaminesurbanvegetablegardensintheMetropolitanRegionofBarcelona（MRB）inthecontextofapoliticalecologicalapproach.Wearguethatthesegardensprovideaninterestingexampleofhowtheurbanizationprocesscreatesparticular“socionatures”linkedinthiscasetoretiredmembersoftheworkingclasswhooccupy（oftenassquatters）andtransformtheintersticesleftbytheexpandingcityinordertoproducefoodatasmallscale.Wedocumenthowthesevegetablegardensaretheproductofapeculiarformoftherecenturbanhistoryofthearea,andalsohowtheyareincreasinglyunderpressureduetotherapidprocessofsprawlnowcharacterizingtheexpansionofthebuiltenvironmentintheBarcelonaregion.Vegetablegardensalsohighlightthecontradictionsofpublicpoliciesinmanagingurbandevelopment,sincethegeneralattitudetowardstheireliminationfromtheurbanlandscapestandsinoppositiontomanyofthesustainabilityinitiativessuchasthe“greeningofcities”promotedbycitycouncilsinthisarea.

TheempiricalanalysiswascarriedoutinthemunicipalityofTerrassa,oneofthelargestcitiesintheMRB,andalsoonewithahighernumberofvegetablegardens.Weinterviewed132plotusersandobtaineddataaboutthelegalstatusofgardens,theirsizeandappearance,andcropsgrown,aswellasthereasonsforpursuingthisactivity.Ourresultsshowthat,ingeneral,thisisanactivityundertakenbypeopleover60 yearsold,oftenretiredmembersoftheworkingclassthatmigratedtoCataloniafromotherSpanishregionsinthe1960sand1970s,andthatusethesespacesforavarietyofreasons（personalgoals,supporttotheirfamilies,andalsoasabondtotheirruralpast）.Finally,wedevelopsomeconclusionsregardingvegetablegardensinwhichwemaintainthatdifferentsocialclassesmaycreatedifferentnaturesbutthatclassandpowerrelationsappeartolegitimizesomeofthesenaturesoverothers,forexample,privateandpublicgardenshavingamuchlargersocialandinstitutionalappealandsupportthanthevegetablegardensoftheretiredworkers.

Frenchbeansforthemasses:

amodernhistoricalgeographyoffoodinBurkinaFaso  

HistoricalGeography

MuchoftheliteratureonthemodernhistoryoffoodanddietinAfricafocusesonmaterialdearthandculturalloss,describedinoverarchingtermssuchas‘urbanization’and‘westernization’.Suchgeneralizationsdonotcapturethecomplexityofthedietaryandculinarychangesthathaveoccurredthere.Thisarticleshowshowageographicperspectiveenrichesthehistoricalanalysisoffoodandfoodways,bysituatingchangingnormsandpracticesinspatialandecologicalcontexts.Itexaminesthetwentieth-centuryhistoryoffoodconsumptioninBurkinaFaso,focusingontheregionofBobo-Dioulasso,thecountry'ssecondlargestcity.Itshowshowtheagriculturalpolicies,dietarypreferences,andhealthconcernsofFrenchcolonials—allofwhichemphasizedtheneedforfreshgardenvegetables—helpedtotransformnotjusttheregionaldietbutalsothelandscapeandeconomy,andthuscertaintemporalandspatialpatternsofdailylife.Thearticlealsoexamineshow,inrecenthistory,BurkinaFaso'sincorporationintoglobalizedmarketsandmedianetworkshasresultedinbothunintendedglutsofluxuryfood（Frenchbeans）aswellasgrowingconcernsaboutthesafetyandpurityofeverydayfood.

Whatmakesagreatcitygreat?

AnAmericanperspective 

Cities

Thisarticletakesupthequestionofwhatmakesagreatcitygreat?

Itbeginsbyusinghistoricalexamplestoextrapolateanddefinecitygreatness.Theconceptissynthesizedinasimpleformulationofthe“4Cs”;witheach“C”respectivelystandingforcurrency,cosmopolitanism,concentrationandcharisma.Currencyconveystheuniqueattributesofacity’sfundamentalvaluesanditsabilitytoform,leadordictatethetemperofthetimes.Cosmopolitanismentailsanabilitytoembraceinternational,multiculturalorpolyethnicfeatures.Concentrationisdefinedbydemographicdensityandproductivemass.Charismaisbasedonamagicalappealthatgeneratesmassenthusiasm,admirationorreverence.FourAmericancities（NewYork,Chicago,LosAngelesandSanFrancisco）areexaminedthroughasequenceofthumbnailsketches.Thesesketchesarecomplementedbydatathatmeasurethestandingofeachcityrelativetoeachofthe4CsThearticleconcludeswithadiscussionofhowacity（Chicago）canfindanicheforassertinggreatness,whethera“postmoderncity”（LosAngeles）canbeamodelforfuturegreatnessandthelimitationsofreachingforgreatness.

Evaluatingsustainabilityinwastemanagement:

thecaseofconstructionanddemolition,chemicalandclinicalwastesinHongKong 

Resources

ThispaperintendstosetoutclearlydefinedcriteriaforevaluatingsustainabilityinsolidwastemanagementandhavethemillustratedbyamodernChinesecity—HongKong.Followingathoroughliteraturereview,fourevaluativecriteriaarederived:

environmentaldesirability,economicoptimization,socialacceptabilityandequityandadministrativediligence.ThesefourcriteriaarethenappliedinthecontextofHongKongfortheevaluationofthemanagementperformanceofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,clinicalwasteandchemicalwaste.AlthoughtheneedtoattainsustainabilityiscompellinginHongKong,ouranalysisshowsthatthemanagementofconstructionanddemolitionwaste,clinicalwasteandchemicalwastehasfailedinalmostallthesustainabilitycriteria.Intermsofcontrollingtheenvironmentalimpactfromwastemanagement,onlyendofpipetreatmentisadequatelydeliveredbutpreventivewastemanagementprogramsarefarfromadequate.Intermsofwastemanagementeconomics,economicincentiveshaveyettobeinstitutedformostwastegenerators.Thus,thepresentlevelsofwastegenerationinHongKongfarexceedsocialandeconomicoptimal.Furthermore,althoughHongKonghasbeencommendedbyhavinganefficientgovernment,theabilityofthegovernmenttoinduceenvironmentallyresponsiblebehaviorfromprivatewastegeneratorsisweakandthusfailingtheadministrativediligencecriterionaswell.Inthemanagementofthethreetypesofwaste,thewelfareoffuturegenerationsisoftensacrificedforthenarrower,sectoralordistrictcommunityinterests.ThemyopicenvironmentalwelfareviewintheHongKongcommunityisalogicalresultoftheminimaleffortdevotedtobuildupsocialcapitalstockandenvironmentalcitizenshipculture.ThemaincausesfortheunsatisfactorywastemanagementperformanceinHongKongiscloselyrelatedtothegovernancestyleofthegovernmentratherthansomegeneralcausessuchasalackoftechnologicalknow-howorfinancialconstraints.

RestructuringandrepositioningShenzhen,China'snewmegacity  

ProgressinPlanning

Shenzhen,anewmegacityfoundedunderChina's‘opendoor’policy,hasexperienceddramaticurbandevelopmentoverthepast30years.Fromhumblebeginningsasafishingvillagebeforethe1980s,itbenefitedfromlocationaladvantagenexttoHongKong,anautonomouscitywithaglobalroleinfinanceandtrade.ShenzhenwasfirstamongcitiesinChinatoadaptthecapitalistworld'surbandevelopmentpracticestoanindigenous,centrallycontrolledlandmanagementsystem.Asanewcity,Shenzhenmaybestrepresenttheroleofplanninginatimeofeconomictransition.UrbanplanninginShenzhenwasambitiousinitsreach,using‘experimentalreform’asavehicleforinstitutionalisingchangesinmanagementofthelandresource.ThesereformsbecamegeneralisedinChina,leadingtoarecentdeclineinacademicinvestigationofShenzhen.Whilethecityas‘reformer’seemstohaverunitscourse,newchallengesupsettheoldassumptionsandcallformoreresearch.Today,asindustrymovesinlandawayfromincreasinglycostlycoastalareas,thecityisgrapplingwiththeneedtorestructureitseconomicbase.Thecityhasundertakenmajorinfrastructuralprojectsinabidtosecureitsroleasamajortranshipmenthubandlogisticscommandcentre,whilealsodevelopingarail-basedmasstransitsystem.Theregenerationofdisusedindustriallandand‘urbanvillages’,builtuptoaccommodateatlowcostahugefactoryworkforce,areimportantongoingcityprogrammes.WhilethecityextendsitsinfrastructuretoconnectmoreeffectivelywiththerestofthePearlRiverDelta（PRD）andwithHongKong,morefundamentalquestionssurrounditsrolewithinarestructuringregionaleconomy.Ambitionsforinternationalstature,bolsteredbyalargeandyoungpopulationbase,aworld-classportandmodernfacilities