Frdvaqd雅思写作讲义.docx
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Frdvaqd雅思写作讲义
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懒惰是很奇怪的东西，它使你以为那是安逸，是休息，是福气；但实际上它所给你的是无聊，是倦怠，是消沉;它剥夺你对前途的希望，割断你和别人之间的友情，使你心胸日渐狭窄，对人生也越来越怀疑。
—罗兰
♦Task1:
content
✦Allthesignificantinformationshouldbeincluded;
✦Structure
✦Grammar
✦Vocabulary
✦Avoid:
♦Personalexperience
♦Laymenwordstoexperiencedaudience
A类小作文
♦不要混淆名称！
♦趋势：
混合图表
✦Piechart饼图：
比例的表达，‘占’的表达
✦Barchart柱状图：
比较和对比
✦Linechart/graph曲线图：
整体和分类趋势trendtendency
✦Table表格：
✦Process/flowchart流程：
理解，如水循环，森林的生长
A类小作文
三原则：
▪Objectivity客观性：
–No‘I’or‘We’
–语态：
主动/被动
–Usethings/timeassubjects
–Avoidtherefore,thus,henceetc.
▪Carefulness观察细致：
–Hiddencharacteristics
▪Accuracy精确性：
–Tense
–Timepoint/marker
时间描述：
1.In+月份/年/年代
2.For/during+时间段
–Duringthefirst/secondhalfoftheyear
–Duringtheremainderoftheyear
3.From…to…/
between…and…
4.Until…
5.Attheendoftheyear/century
6.Before/after/
around/about
–In1980s
–Intheperiodbetween…and…
–Overtheperiod…to…/overaten-yearperiod/overthepasttwodecades
–Throughoutthe19thcentury
整体格式：
▪Beginning:
1段—1/2句
▪Body:
1-2段—6-8句
▪Conclusion:
1段—1/2句
▪Approximately8-12sentenceswitheachnolessthan15words.
写作步骤：
▪看题——1分钟
▪分析图表——2分钟
▪开头——2分钟
▪中间——12分钟
▪结尾——2分钟
▪检查——1分钟
▪总共：
20分钟
开头：
▪2patterns
1.Paraphrasetherubric:
1sentence
▪subjects,fields,location,date
2.Definewhatthegraphisabout+overalltrend:
2sentences
–Donotcopytherubric!
–Donotlistspecificfigures!
▪Thegraph（s）andchart（s）andtable（s）,basedon…（调查研究）,
illustrate/display/unfoldaclearpictureof…（主要内容）
in…（地方/方面）+时间
▪Asisreflected/revealed/shown/illustratedinthegraphs,thenumber/percentagesof…surged/subsided/
▪fluctuated/differeddramatically/gently+时间
Avoid‘Accordingtothediagram…’
Examples:
▪Thechartsunfoldaclearpictureofsevenmajorreasonsforadultstotakeupstudyandhowthecostsshouldbedistributedamongindividuals,employersandtaxpayersinpeople’sminds.
▪Asisdisplayedinthechartsbelow,adultstookupstudyforavarietyofreasonsandthecostswereexpectedtobesharedbyindividuals,employersandtaxpayers.
▪ThegraphillustratesHarry’ssalesofhamburgersthroughouttheyearof1998.Itcanbeclearlyseenthattheconsumptionofhamburgersexperiencedaseriesofchanges.
▪Asisrevealedinthefollowinggraph,Harry’ssalesofhamburgersfluctuatedthroughouttheyearof1998.
▪Rangefrom...To
Radarradiodetectingandranging
▪Thetables,basedonasurveyof100,000interviewees,displayaclearpictureofUKresidents’purposestogoabroadandtheirdestinationsbetween1994and1998.
▪AglanceatthechartsbelowreflectsthatUKresidentswentabroadtodifferentdestinationsforavarietyofreasonsfrom1994to1998.
结论：
▪2patterns
1.Highlightthemostoutstandingfeature（1isenough!
）
2.Pointoutthehiddencharacteristics
▪Fromthediagramitcanbesafelyconcludedthat…
▪Asawhole/onthewhole,thedatasuggestthat…medium
▪Whatisworthmentioningisthat…
Examples:
▪Thoughadultsdecidedtostudyforavarietyofreasons,themajoronewastheirinterestinthesubject.Whatisworthmentioningisthatsincetheoverallpercentagesexceeded100%,itcanbeindicatedthatsomeadultschosestudyforseveralreasons.
▪Asawhole,thedataindicatethatschoolsummerholidayshadabigimpactonHarry’ssalesofhamburgers.
▪ItcanbesafelyconcludedthatanoverwhelmingmajorityofpeopleinUKwentabroadforholidaysandWesternEuropewasthemostfrequentlyvisiteddestinationduringtheseyears.
中间：
1.整体趋势
2.个别趋势+数据
中段——曲线图趋势分段
机械列举数字
In1960therewereaboutninethousandmarriagesinScotland,in1970therewereaboutthreethousandmarriages,andin1980thereweretwothousandfivehundredmarriages.
▪整体趋势：
分阶段描述
ThenumberofmarriagesinScotlandfellverysharplybetween1960and1970,andcontinuedtodeclineuntilaround1985thoughataslowerrate.From1985onwardstherewasagradualincreaseinthenumberofmarriagewhichleveledoffin1984.
整体趋势+数字：
▪非谓语形式
–reachingapeakat…andbottomingoutat…/followedby…
▪数字
–Peoplespentthemajorityonlivingnecessities,18%onfoodand16%onhousing.
▪两者以上单列
–Theremainingexpenditurewaspaidforluxurygoodssuchaswinesandtobacco,whichaccountedfor4%and2%respectively.
▪比较
–Theindividualsshouldberesponsibleforthemajorityoftheeducationcostscomparedwithonequartersharetakenupbytaxpayers.
▪介宾结构
–Trinidad['trinidæd],withthemajorityofthecountry’s900,000inhabitants,isarectangleofroughlyfiftybyfortymiles;Tobago[tə'beigəʊ],nineteenmilestothenorth,issmallerandhasapopulationofabout35,000.
–Theincreasewasverysignificant,at50%.
饼图：
百分比表达法：
▪数字表达法
–百分比：
10%
–分数：
▪Aquarter
▪Onethird
▪Half
▪threequarters
▪Nineoutoften
–概括：
▪Themajority/minorityof
▪Alargenumberof
▪Most
▪Onlyafew
▪Veryfew=hardlyany
▪Quiteafew
占的表达法：
▪Be
–Thenumberoftheunemployedwas10%ofthepopulation.
▪Makeup/Constitute
–Womenmadeup/constitutedasignificantpercentageoftheworkforce.
▪Comprise
–Foodandgardenmaterialscomprisenearlyhalfofallhouseholdwaste.
▪Amountto
–Paperandcardboardamountedto21%ofthetotalhouseholdwaste.
▪Accountfor
–Fossilfuelemissionsaccountedforthemajorityofthegreenhousegases.
▪Represent
–Thoseundertheageof25represent14%ofthewholepopulation.
▪Standat
–ThepopulationofAsiastoodat3.7billionattheturnofthecentury.
▪Somethingbesharedby/beinthechargeof/bedueto
▪Becauseof/owingto/thanksto
▪IOUnote
▪Somebodycover/takeup/occupy/beresponsiblefor…
排名：
▪Arankedfirst,followedbyBandC…
–Interestinsubjectsrankedfirstamongdiversifiedreasonsforadulteducation,immediatelyfollowedbytheirdesiretogainqualifications.
▪…dominated…
▪…occupiedthemajorityof…
▪最高级
–Record
▪Thehighestleveloffossilfuelconsumptionwasrecordedinrecentyears.
–Reach
▪Theconsumptionoffossilfuelemissionsreachedthehighestlevelinrecentyears.
不同类别之间衔接：
▪分号
▪Asto/asfor/withregardto/withrespectto…
▪Turningto/regarding…
▪Inthefield/aspect/areaof…
▪Whenweconsider/concernabout/cometo…
表格：
列举数字的方式：
▪极端数字
–Thegeneraltrendof…surgeddramatically,reachingapeakat…in1990andbottomingoutat…in1995.
▪范围
–VisitsabroadbyUKresidentsforbusinesssurgedgentlywithinarangeofapproximately800.
▪平均值
–VisitsabroadbyUKresidentsforotherreasonssurgedandsubsidedevenly,averagingoutatnearly1000.
▪相似
–ThisisthecasewiththestatisticsofTOTAL.
–Thisisthesimilarcasewiththecountryasawhole.
Fluctuate的用法：
▪Itfluctuated+
1.From…to…/between…and…
柱状图：
▪Compareandcontrast
–Summary（共同点综述）
–Analysis（不同点比较）
▪Bycontrast
▪Onthecontrary
▪Ontheotherhand
▪ComparedwithA,B…
▪DespiteA，B…
▪比较级
▪Similarity:
–Graduatesearnedmorethannon-graduates
▪Differences/discrepancy/disparity:
–Menearnedmorethanwomen
–Menearnedmorewithage
–Women’searningfluctuatedwithage
线图：
1.趋势描写的精确性
2.整体特征+个别显著特征:
转折点
3.分类方式
–物理：
上升/下降/波动（教材11/18）
–水平
–情况：
类似的/相反的合并在一起（教材12）
–对比：
2条曲线以上
▪两点的数据
▪分别描述
上升：
▪Increasev.
–Vt.+数字
–Vi.+by数字
+to数字
Inthepasttenyears,thecarsrose.
▪Increasen.
–Therewasa（表程度形容词）increase
of东西from数字1to数字2+时间
–时间saw/witnesseda（表程度形容词）increaseof东西from数字1to数字2
–Somethingsaw/witnesseda（表程度形容词）increaseof数字+时间
–Thenumberof…increasedin1990s.
下降：
▪Decrease
–Vt.+数字
–Vi.+by数字
+to数字
▪Decreasen.
–Therewasa（表程度形容词）decrease/reduction
of东西from数字1+过去时间to数字2+后来时间
–时间saw/witnesseda（表程度形容词）decreaseof东西from数字1to数字2
–Somethingsaw/witnesseda（表程度形容词）decreaseof数字+时间
–Thenumberof…decreasedduring1990s.
持平：
–Remain/stay
–Stable/steady/constant
–Thesame/unvarying
–Plane
–Thefigurestabilized/maintainedat（数字）between…and…（时间）
–Reachaplateau
–Evenout+（at数字）+（时间）
–Leveloff/out+（at数字）+（时间）
超过：
▪Exceed：
数字/东西
▪Surpass（抽象）优于、大于
▪Outnumber:
数目超过
▪Outweigh：
重量/价值上超过
▪比较级
成倍增长：
▪Thenumberof…doubledwhenitentered2000.
▪Awastwice/3timesasmuchasBbetween1990and1996
▪Thenumberofusersincreasedfivefold.
▪Thenumberof…multiplied（severaltimes）overthepast5years.
▪Ashrankby3timesattheturnofthecentury.
▪Thetimespentwithfamilyalmosthalvedcomparedwith10yearsago.
▪Theamountof…declinedtotheoriginalonetenthin2000.
分别的：
▪Respectively
–位置：
句末
–ThenumbersofstudentsinUKandJapanare2100and2155respectively.
–ThenumberofstudentsinUKis2100,comparedwith2155inJapan.
▪结构清晰
▪用词精确
▪行文流畅
Summary:
▪只要有时代的变迁，都要描写趋势，可转化为线图
▪同一主题多张图
–比较
–分别描述，中间用…showsadifferentpicture过渡
▪不同主题多张图组合（教程P91）
–分别描述
▪饼图：
排名
▪柱图：
归类
▪线图：
分阶段
▪表格：
数据选取
Task2:
大作文6大类
议论型：
Scientificandtechnologicaladvancesareveryimportantinoursociety.Scientistsarenotabletogivesolutionstoalltheproblemstheyhavecreated.
注意点:
描述现状+论证+重申观点
讨论型：
♦Nowadays,internationaltourismisthebiggestindustryintheworld.Unfortunately,internationaltourismcreatestensionratherthanunderstandingbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?
1.Agree
2.Disagree
3.Impartial:
agree+disagree+yourpreferenceBALANCE!
观点型：
♦Somepeoplethinkthattheoldbuildingshouldbedestroyedandmakeroomforthenewones.Isitimportanttopreservetheoldbuilding?
Shouldtheoldbuildingstandin
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