Frdvaqd雅思写作讲义.docx

1、Frdvaqd雅思写作讲义-+懒惰是很奇怪的东西，它使你以为那是安逸，是休息，是福气；但实际上它所给你的是无聊，是倦怠，是消沉;它剥夺你对前途的希望，割断你和别人之间的友情，使你心胸日渐狭窄，对人生也越来越怀疑。罗兰 Task 1: content All the significant information should be included; Structure Grammar Vocabulary Avoid: Personal experience Laymen words to experienced audienceA类小作文 不要混淆名称！ 趋势：混合图表 Pie chart

2、 饼图：比例的表达，占的表达 Bar chart 柱状图：比较和对比 Line chart/graph 曲线图：整体和分类趋势trend tendency Table 表格： Process/flow chart 流程：理解，如水循环，森林的生长A类小作文三原则： Objectivity 客观性： No I or We 语态：主动/被动 Use things/time as subjects Avoid therefore, thus, hence etc. Carefulness 观察细致： Hidden characteristics Accuracy 精确性： Tense Time po

3、int/marker 时间描述：1. In + 月份/年/年代2. For/during + 时间段 During the first/second half of the year During the remainder of the year3. Fromto/betweenand4. Until5. At the end of the year/century 6. Before/after/around/about In 1980s In the period between and Over the period to / over a ten-year period/ over

4、the past two decades Throughout the 19th century整体格式： Beginning: 1段1/2句 Body: 1-2段6-8句 Conclusion: 1段1/2句 Approximately 8-12 sentences with each no less than 15 words.写作步骤： 看题1分钟 分析图表2分钟 开头2分钟 中间12分钟 结尾2分钟 检查1分钟 总共：20分钟开头： 2 patterns 1. Paraphrase the rubric: 1 sentence subjects, fields, location, d

5、ate 2. Define what the graph is about + overall trend: 2 sentences Do not copy the rubric! Do not list specific figures! The graph(s) and chart(s) and table(s) , based on (调查研究), illustrate/display/unfold a clear picture of (主要内容) in （地方/方面）+时间 As is reflected/revealed/shown/illustrated in the graph

6、s, the number/percentages of surged/subsided/ fluctuated/differed dramatically/gently + 时间Avoid According to the diagram Examples: The charts unfold a clear picture of seven major reasons for adults to take up study and how the costs should be distributed among individuals, employers and taxpayers i

7、n peoples minds. As is displayed in the charts below, adults took up study for a variety of reasons and the costs were expected to be shared by individuals, employers and taxpayers. The graph illustrates Harrys sales of hamburgers throughout the year of 1998. It can be clearly seen that the consumpt

8、ion of hamburgers experienced a series of changes. As is revealed in the following graph, Harrys sales of hamburgers fluctuated throughout the year of 1998. Range from.ToRadar radio detecting and ranging The tables, based on a survey of 100,000 interviewees, display a clear picture of UK residents p

9、urposes to go abroad and their destinations between 1994 and 1998. A glance at the charts below reflects that UK residents went abroad to different destinations for a variety of reasons from 1994 to 1998. 结论： 2 patterns1. Highlight the most outstanding feature (1 is enough!)2. Point out the hidden c

10、haracteristics From the diagram it can be safely concluded that As a whole/on the whole, the data suggest that medium What is worth mentioning is thatExamples: Though adults decided to study for a variety of reasons, the major one was their interest in the subject. What is worth mentioning is that s

11、ince the overall percentages exceeded 100%, it can be indicated that some adults chose study for several reasons. As a whole, the data indicate that school summer holidays had a big impact on Harrys sales of hamburgers. It can be safely concluded that an overwhelming majority of people in UK went ab

12、road for holidays and Western Europe was the most frequently visited destination during these years. 中间：1. 整体趋势2. 个别趋势+数据中段曲线图趋势分段机械列举数字 In 1960 there were about nine thousand marriages in Scotland, in 1970 there were about three thousand marriages, and in 1980 there were two thousand five hundred m

13、arriages. 整体趋势：分阶段描述 The number of marriages in Scotland fell very sharply between 1960 and 1970, and continued to decline until around 1985 though at a slower rate. From 1985 onwards there was a gradual increase in the number of marriage which leveled off in 1984.整体趋势+数字： 非谓语形式 reaching a peak atan

14、d bottoming out at /followed by 数字 People spent the majority on living necessities, 18% on food and 16% on housing. 两者以上单列 The remaining expenditure was paid for luxury goods such as wines and tobacco, which accounted for 4% and 2% respectively. 比较 The individuals should be responsible for the major

15、ity of the education costs compared with one quarter share taken up by taxpayers. 介宾结构 Trinidad trinidd, with the majority of the countrys 900,000 inhabitants, is a rectangle of roughly fifty by forty miles; Tobago tbeig, nineteen miles to the north, is smaller and has a population of about 35,000.

16、The increase was very significant, at 50%.饼图：百分比表达法： 数字表达法 百分比： 10% 分数： A quarter One third Half three quarters Nine out of ten 概括： The majority/minority of A large number of Most Only a few Very few = hardly any Quite a few占的表达法： Be The number of the unemployed was 10% of the population. Make up/Co

17、nstitute Women made up/constituted a significant percentage of the workforce. Comprise Food and garden materials comprise nearly half of all household waste. Amount to Paper and cardboard amounted to 21% of the total household waste. Account for Fossil fuel emissions accounted for the majority of th

18、e greenhouse gases. Represent Those under the age of 25 represent 14% of the whole population. Stand at The population of Asia stood at 3.7 billion at the turn of the century. Something be shared by/be in the charge of/be due to Because of/owing to/thanks to IOU note Somebody cover/take up/occupy/be

19、 responsible for 排名： A ranked first, followed by B and C Interest in subjects ranked first among diversified reasons for adult education, immediately followed by their desire to gain qualifications. dominated occupied the majority of 最高级 Record The highest level of fossil fuel consumption was record

20、ed in recent years. Reach The consumption of fossil fuel emissions reached the highest level in recent years.不同类别之间衔接： 分号 As to / as for/ with regard to/with respect to Turning to/regarding In the field/aspect/area of When we consider/concern about/come to表格：列举数字的方式： 极端数字 The general trend of surged

21、 dramatically, reaching a peak at in 1990 and bottoming out at in 1995. 范围 Visits abroad by UK residents for business surged gently within a range of approximately 800. 平均值 Visits abroad by UK residents for other reasons surged and subsided evenly, averaging out at nearly 1000. 相似 This is the case w

22、ith the statistics of TOTAL. This is the similar case with the country as a whole.Fluctuate的用法： It fluctuated +1. From to / between and 柱状图： Compare and contrast Summary (共同点综述) Analysis (不同点比较) By contrast On the contrary On the other hand Compared with A, B Despite A， B 比较级 Similarity: Graduates e

23、arned more than non-graduates Differences/discrepancy/disparity: Men earned more than women Men earned more with age Womens earning fluctuated with age线图：1. 趋势描写的精确性2. 整体特征+个别显著特征: 转折点3. 分类方式 物理：上升/下降/波动 (教材11/18) 水平 情况：类似的/相反的合并在一起 （教材12） 对比：2条曲线以上 两点的数据 分别描述上升： Increase v. Vt. + 数字 Vi. + by 数字 + t

24、o 数字 In the past ten years, the cars rose. Increase n. There was a (表程度形容词) increase of 东西 from 数字1 to 数字2 + 时间 时间saw/witnessed a (表程度形容词) increase of 东西 from 数字1 to 数字2 Something saw/witnessed a (表程度形容词) increase of 数字 + 时间 The number of increased in 1990s.下降： Decrease Vt. + 数字 Vi. + by 数字 + to 数字

25、Decrease n. There was a (表程度形容词) decrease/reduction of 东西 from 数字1+过去时间 to 数字2 + 后来时间 时间saw/witnessed a (表程度形容词) decrease of 东西 from 数字1 to 数字2 Something saw/witnessed a (表程度形容词) decrease of 数字 + 时间 The number of decreased during 1990s.持平： Remain/stay Stable/steady/constant The same/unvarying Plane

26、The figure stabilized/maintained at (数字) between and(时间) Reach a plateau Even out + （ at 数字 ）+ （时间） Level off/out + （ at 数字 ）+ （时间）超过： Exceed：数字/东西 Surpass（抽象）优于、大于 Outnumber: 数目超过 Outweigh：重量/价值上超过 比较级成倍增长： The number of doubled when it entered 2000. A was twice/3 times as much as B between 1990 an

27、d 1996 The number of users increased fivefold. The number of multiplied (several times) over the past 5 years. A shrank by 3 times at the turn of the century. The time spent with family almost halved compared with 10 years ago. The amount of declined to the original one tenth in 2000.分别的： Respective

28、ly 位置：句末 The numbers of students in UK and Japan are 2100 and 2155 respectively. The number of students in UK is 2100, compared with 2155 in Japan. 结构清晰 用词精确 行文流畅Summary: 只要有时代的变迁，都要描写趋势，可转化为线图 同一主题多张图 比较 分别描述，中间用shows a different picture过渡 不同主题多张图组合 （教程P91） 分别描述 饼图：排名 柱图：归类 线图：分阶段 表格：数据选取Task 2: 大作

29、文6大类议论型：Scientific and technological advances are very important in our society. Scientists are not able to give solutions to all the problems they have created.注意点:描述现状+论证+重申观点讨论型： Nowadays, international tourism is the biggest industry in the world. Unfortunately, international tourism creates ten

30、sion rather than understanding between people from different cultures. To what extent do you agree or disagree? 1. Agree2. Disagree3. Impartial: agree + disagree + your preference BALANCE!观点型： Some people think that the old building should be destroyed and make room for the new ones. Is it important to preserve the old building? Should the old building stand in