历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案.docx

历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案.docx

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历年托福考试阅读真题汇总含答案

0308托福试题

阅读（55minutes）

Question1-11

Iffoodisallowedtostandforsometime,itputrefies.Whenthe

putrefiedmaterial

isexaminedmicroscopically,itisfoundtobeteemingwithbacteria.Wheredo

these

bacteriacomefrom,sincetheyarenotseeninfreshfood?

Evenuntilthemid-nineteenth

century,manypeoplebelievedthatsuchmicroorganismsoriginatedbyspontaneous

（5）generation,ahypotheticalprocessbywhichlivingorganismsdevelopfromnonliving

matter.

Themostpowerfulopponentofthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationwasthe

FrenchchemistandmicrobiologistLouisPasteur（1822-1895）.Pasteurshowedthatstructures

presentinaircloselyresemblethemicroorganismsseeninputrefying

materials.Hedid

（10）thisbypassingairthroughguncottonfilters,thefibersofwhichstopsolidparticles.After

theguncottonwasdissolvedinamixtureofalcoholandether,theparticles

thatithad

trappedfelltothebottomoftheliquidandwereexaminedonamicroscope

slide.Pasteur

foundthatinordinaryairtheseexistsavarietyofsolidstructuresranging

insizefrom

0.01mmtomorethan1.0mm.Manyofthesebodiesresembledthereproductive

（15）structuresofcommonmolds,single-celledanimals,andvarious

othermicrobialcells.

Asmanyas20to30ofthemwerefoundinfifteenlitersofordinaryair,andtheycould

notbedistinguishedfromtheorganismsfoundinmuchlargernumbersinputrefyingmaterials.Pasteurconcludedthattheorganismsfoundinputrefyingmaterialsoriginated

fromtheorganizedbodiespresentintheair.Hepostulatedthat

1

thesebodiesareconstantly

（20）beingdepositedonallobjects.

Pasteurshowedthatifanutrientsolutionwassealedinaglassflaskand

never

Pasteur

heatedto

boilingtodestroyallthelivingorganismscontaminatingit,putrefied.Theproponentsofspontaneousgenerationdeclaredthatfreshairwasnecessaryfor

spontaneousgenerationandthattheairinsidethesealedflaskwasaffected

insomeway

（25）byheatingsothatitwouldnolongersupportspontaneousgeneration.constructedaswan-neckedflaskinwhichputrefyingmaterialscouldheheatedtoboiling,butair

couldreenter.Thebendsintheneckpreventedmicroorganismsfromgettingin

theflask..Materialsterilizedinsuchaflaskdidnotputrefy.

1,Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）Pasteur'sinfluenceonthedevelopmentofthemicroscope.

（b）Theoriginofthetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

（c）Theeffectsofpasteurizationonfood.

（d）Pasteur'sargumentnstagaithetheoryofspontaneousgeneration.

2,Thephrase“teemingwith”inline2isclosestinmeaningto（a）fullof

（b）developinginto

（c）resistantto

（d）hurtby

3,Whichofthefollowingquestionsdidthetheoryofspontaneousgenerationattempt

toanswer?

（a）Whatistheoriginofthelivingorganismsareseenonsomefood?

（b）Howmanytypesoforganismscanbefoundonfood?

（c）Whatisthemosteffectivewaytopreparelivingorganismsformicroscopicexamination?

（d）Howlongcanfoodstandbeforeitputrefies?

4,Theword“resemble”inline9isclosestinmeaningto

（a）benefitfrom

（b）appearsimilarto

（c）jointogetherwith

（d）growfrom

5.Thepurposeofthe“guncotton”mentionedinparagraph2wasto（a）trapparticlesfor

analysis

（b）slowtheprocessofputrefaction（c）increasethe

airflowtothemicroscopicslide（d）aidthemixingof

alcoholandether

6.Theauthormention“1.0mm”inline14indescribingthe（a）thicknessofa

layeroforganismsthatwasdepositedonanobject（b）diameterofthefibersthatwereintheguncottonfilters（c）thicknessofthemicroscopeslidesthatwereused（d）sizeoftheparticlesthatthatwerecollected

7.Theword“postulated”inline19isclosestinmeaningto（a）analyzed

（b）doubted

（c）persuaded

（d）suggested

8.TheobjectsthatPasteutremovedfromtheairinhisexperimentwereremarkablebecausetheywere

（a）primarilysingle-celledorganisms

（b）nodifferentfromobjectsfoundinputrefyingmaterials（c）fairly

rare

（d）abletoliveinamixtureofalcoholandether

9.Theword“it”inline22refersto

（a）anutrientsolution

（b）aglassflask

（c）boiling

（d）

that

spontaneousgeneration

10.Accordingtoparagraph3,proponentsofspontaneousgenerationbelieved

whichofthefollowingwasimportantfortheprocesstosucceed?

（a）Asealedcontainer

（b）Freshair

（c）Heat

（d）Thepresenceofnutrients

11.ltcanbeinferredfromparagraph3thatPasteuremployedaswam-neckedflaskto

（a）storesterilizedliquidsforuseinfutureexperiments

（b）preventheatfrombuildingupinasolution（c）disproveacriticismofhisconclusions（d）estimatethenumberoforganismsinaliterofair

Questions12-20

IntheearlydecadesoftheUnitedStates,theagrarianmovementpromotedthefarmer

associety'heros.Inthemindsofagrarianthinkersandwriters,thefarmer

wasapersononwhosewell-beingthehealthofthenewcountrydepended.The

periodbetweentheRevolution,whichendedin1783,andtheCivilWar,whichendedin1865,wastheageof

（5）thefarmerintheUnitedStates.Agrarianphilosophers,representedmosteloquentlyby

ThomasJefferson,celebratedfarmersextravagantlyfortheirsupposedcentralityinagood

society,theirpoliticalvirtue,andtheirSuperiormorality.And

virtuallyallpolicymakers,whethertheysubscribedtothetenets

ofthephilosophyheldbyJeffersonornot,recognizedagriculture

asthekeycomponentoftheAmericaneconomy.Consequently,governmentat（10）alllevelsworkedtoencouragefarmersasasocialgroupandagricultureaseconomic

enterprise.

Boththenationalandstategovernmentsdevelopedtransportation

infrastructure,buildingcanals,roads,bridges,andrailroads,deepening

harbors,andremovingobstructionsfromnavigablestreams.Thenational

governmentimportedplantandanimalvarietiesand

（15）launchedexploringexpeditionsintoprospectivefarmlandsintheWest」naddition,

governmenttradepoliciesfacilitatedtheexportingofagricultural

4

products.

Fortheirpartfarmersseemedtomeetthesocialexpectationsagrarian

philosophers

hadforthem,astheirbroaderhorizonsandgreaterself-respect,bothproductsoftheRevolution,werereflectedtosomedegreeintheirbehavior.Farmersseemedtobecome

（20）morescientificjoiningagriculturalsocietiesandreadingthefarm

newspapersthatsprang

upthroughoutthecountry.Theybeganusingimprovedimplements,triednew

cropsand

pureanimalbreeds,andbecamemorereceptivetomoderntheoriesofsoilimprovement.

Theyalsorespondedtoinducementsbynationalandstategovernments.FarmersstreamedtotheWest,fillingfrontierlandswithstunningrapidity.Butfarmersresponded

（25）lesstotheexpectationsofagrariansandgovernmentinducementsthantogrowingmarketopportunities.EuropeandemandforfoodfromtheUnitedStatesseemedinsatiable.War,industrialization,andurbanizationallkeptdemand

highinEurope.UnitedStatescities

andindustriesgrewaswell;evenindustriesnotdirectlyrelatedtofarmingthrivedbecauseofthemarket,money,andlaborthatagricultureprovided.

12.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss?

（a）TheagrarianphilosophyofThomasJefferson

（b）Theroleofthenationalgovernmentinthedevelopmentofagriculture

（c）Improvementsinfarmingtechniques

（d）Theimpactoftheincreasedimportanceofthefarmer

13.Theword“depended”inline3isclosestinmeaningto（a）improved

（b）relied

（c）demanded

（d）explained

14.TheauthormentionsThomasJeffersoninparagraph1asan

5

exampleof

（a）aleaderduringtheRevolution

（b）aninventorofnewfarmingtechniques

（c）aphilosopherwhobelievedfarmerswereessentialtothecreationofagoodsociety

（d）afarmerwhoguidedtheagrarianmovementtowardanemphasisoneconomicdevelopment

15.Thephrase“subscribedto”incloslinest8inismeaningto

（a）contributedto

（b）agreedwith

（c）thoughtabout

（d）expandedon

16.

bythe

viewsof

seconomy.

Whichofthefollowingstatementsissupported

informationinparagraph1?

（a）AllgovernmentpolicymakersacceptedJefferson'

agricultureandfarmers.

（b）Agriculturalproductiondeclinedbetween1783and1861.

（c）Themajorityoffarmersworkedforthegovernment.

（d）Agriculturewasavitalpartofthenation'

17.Accordingtothepassage,thenationalandstategovernmentsdidallofthefollowingEXCEPT

（a）buildroads

（b）importnewplantvarieties

（c）givefarmersmoneyfortheircrops

（d）developpoliciesthathelpedfarmersexporttheirproducts

18.AIIofthefollowingarementionedasexamplesoffarmers'meetingthe

expectationsofagrarianphilosophersEXCEPT（a）obtaininginformationfromfarmnewspapers

（b）accumulatingpersonalwealth

（c）plantingnewcrops

（d）becomingmorescientific

19.Theword“stunning”inline24isclosestinmeaningto

（a）predictable

（b）impressive

（c）famous

（d）gradual

2O.Whichofthefollowingst

（a）Agriculturaleconomy.

（b）EuropeanagrictheUnit

develo

ementsisbestsupportedbyparagraph4?

mentcontributedtodevelopmentinotherpartsofthe

ralproductswereofahigherqualitythanthoseproducedin

Stat

o

Qu

T

erealm

soils

（c）Th

（d）Fa

inhumid

patternof

soilrepartitioning

into

exceeds20inc

（50centiSincecrops（5）dobes

alkaline（hig

desiredlevel

thatare

in

utralitybetweenthe

”I“

and

Westledtoadecreaseinagriculturalproduction.bygovernmentpoliciesthanbymarketopportunities.

atesinNorthAmericahashelpedspawnacomplex

'ssoilsalsoreflectthebroadenvironmental

aridAmerica.”Whereannualprecipitation

areastendtobeacidicinchemicalcontent,

neitheracidic（higherinacidcontent）norsaltcontent）.fertilizationisnecessarytoachievethe

Cen