考研班写作讲座211附件doc.docx

考研班写作讲座211附件doc.docx

《考研班写作讲座211附件doc.docx》由会员分享，可在线阅读，更多相关《考研班写作讲座211附件doc.docx（11页珍藏版）》请在冰豆网上搜索。

考研班写作讲座211附件doc

Lecture2:

Problem-SolutionandArgument

Solutionessays

Youarerequiredtogiveanaccountasananswer,todescribeandexplorethesituationregardingthetopic,withlessemphasisongivingopinions.Youshoulddescribethesituationregardingthetopic,andexplorethereasonsforthesituationbeingwhatitis.Althoughinthiscaseyoudonnothavetosupportanargument,itiswisetoprovideevidenceofthetruth（orotherwise）ofthesituation.

Thewritingpatterninvolvediscause-effect:

Cause-effectrelationshipsarepartofoureverydayworld.Everythingyoudohascausesorreasons,aswellaseffectsorresults.Youwilloftenhavetoanalyzecausesandeffectsincollegeassignments.Forexample,whatarethecausesandeffectsofthefollowing:

*theCivilWar?

*drugaddiction?

*aduststorm

*crime?

*inflation?

*theinformationrevolution?

*entryintoWTO

Inanessay,youmaydiscussthecausesofsomething,theeffectsofsomething,orboththecausesandtheeffects.Twocases:

multiplecausesandeffects:

onecausemayhavemanyeffects,andoneeffectmayhavemanycauses;causesandeffectscanoccurinchains.Eg.

Apoorgradeinschoollowself-esteem

--dropoutofschool

--feelevenworseaboutyourself,

--etc.

Askquestionsbeforewriting:

Causes:

Whydidithappen?

Whatarethereasons?

Effects:

Whathappenedasaresult?

Whataretheconsequences?

Howdidonethingaffectorchangeanother?

Makealistofthepossiblecausesandeffectsofdivorce,thendecidewhichideasyouwanttouseassupportingdetailsinyouressay.

Divorce

CausesEffects

Infidelitychildren

Incompatibilityfinancialsituation

Drugabusejobperformance

Writingathesisstatementfortheessay:

Subject+causes/effects/bothexamined

Thereasonspeoplegetdivorcedareasvariedasthepeoplethemselves.

Themostseriouseffectofdivorceisonthechildren.

Therearemanycausesofdivorce,andtheconsequencesarefeltforalifetime.

Arrangingsupportingdetails:

Variousways:

1）bothcausesandeffects:

presentallthecausesbeforetheeffects,ortheeffectsbeforethecauses.

2）Causesoreffects:

eachbodyparagraphjustdealswithonecauseoreffect.

Thesis:

Thereasonspeoplegetdivorcedareasvariedasthepeoplethemselves.

TP1:

Amongtheproblemsinmarriages,infidelityistheleadingcauseofdivorce.

TP2:

Also,incompatibilityisareasonthatsomanycouplesdecidetogetdivorced.

TP3Finally,fewcouplescanstaytogetherwhenoneofthepartnersisusingillegaldrugs.

Note:

Thesignalswordstoindicatethecause（reasonsandcause）;signalwordsforalist,also,finally,tomakethetransitionsbetweentheparagraphs.

Patternsoforganization:

1）Single-cause—Many-effect:

Introduction:

bringupthecause

Body:

effect1

Effect2

Effect3

Conclusion:

summarizetheeffects,restatethethesis

effect

Causeeffect

effect

2）Many-cause—single-effect:

Introduction:

bringuptheeffect

Body:

cause1

Cause2

Cause3

Conclusion:

summarizethecauses,restatethethesis

3）Bothcausesandeffects:

Introduction:

bringupboth

Body:

Cause1

Cause2

Effects

Conclusion:

summaryandrestatement

Causeandeffect1

Causeandeffect2

Causeandeffect3

Applicationofthepatterntosolutionessays:

Describesomeoftheproblemsthatoverpopulationcauses,andsuggestatleastonepossiblesolution.

Topic:

overpopulation

Question:

Whatproblemsdoesitcause?

Suggestsomesolutions.

Introduction:

Describethesituation

Statethethesis:

factorsleadingtothesituation（problems）

Body:

Para.1:

problems:

causes/effects

Para.2:

problems:

causes/effects

Para.3:

solutionsorproblems:

causes/effects

Conclusion:

solutions

Discussthecausesandsomeeffectsofwidespreaddrugusebyyoungpeopleinmoderndaysociety.Makeanyrecommendationsyoufeelarenecessarytohelpfightyouthdrugabuse.

Topic:

widespreaddrugusebyyoungpeopleinmodernsociety

Question:

Whatarethecausesandeffectsofit?

Giverecommendationstohelpfightit.

Introduction:

Describethesituation

Statethethesis:

amajorproblem,butreasonsareunclear.Theymightbe:

Body:

Para.1:

causes:

outsideinfluences（parents,mediaandschool）

Para.2:

causes:

pressureatschoolandathome—drugsareanescape.

Para.3:

Effects:

ontheindividualandonthesociety.

Conclusion:

recommendations:

education,reducingcompetitionandpressure.

Extinctionofwildanimals:

Para.1:

Introduction:

situation:

choosingoneparticularanimal

Para.2:

Explanations（reasonswhyitisbecomingextinct）

Para.3:

Response（solutions）

Para.4:

Evaluation（ifthesolutionsareeffective:

advantagesordisadvantages）

Sample1:

Whydopeoplefeelisolatedfromeachotherandsuggestsomesolutions.

Modernpeoplehaveafeelingthattheyarebecomingmoreandmoreisolatedfromeachotherthoughitisbelievedthatthedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhasmadetheworldsmaller.Therearethreereasonsforthis:

Firstly,modernpeoplehavegreatertensionssothattheyhavelesstimetocommunicatewitheachother.Moreandmorepeoplearelivinginurbanareas,wherelifeisinaquickrhythm.Duetofiercecompetition,citydwellershavetobehardworkinginordertokeepupwiththestepsofcitylife.Everybodyisbusyallthetime.Workpressuresdeprivethemofacausalwayoflife.Moreover,livinginapartmentsindifferentblocks,peopleareisolatedfromeachother.Itisnotconvenientforthemtomeeteachotherfreely.

Secondly,thewideuseoftelephoneandoverwhelmingemergenceoftheInternetpreventmodernpeopleformseeingeachotherquiteoften.Inthepast,whensomefestivalscome,thewaypeopletosendcongratulationsistomeeteachother,tosittogetherandtotalkortheycanwritelettersandsendpostcards.Nowadayspeoplecansimplysendanemailormakeaphonecalltosendgoodwishesinafewminutes.However,sittingbeforethecomputerscreenisnotthesamethingasmeeting,talkingandwriting.Peopleareloosingthepleasureofwritingandtalkingandhospitalitytowardseachother.Insomesense,peoplearebecomingmechanic.

Thirdly,modernpeople’ssparetimeareoccupiedbyvariouskindsofentertainmentsandactivities.Inthepast,meetingandtalkingtoothersisafundamentalwaytogetinformation.However,todayTVprogramsareveryattractive.Peoplecanjuststayathomeandknowclearlywhatishappeningintheworld.Therefore,peoplehavefewchancestomeeteachotherandthusafeelingofisolationarises.

Therearesomesolutionstothepresentsituation.Firstofall,peopleneedtobefullyawareofthefactthatthemodernwaysofcommunicationcannottaketheplaceofthetraditionalones.Sendingemailscannothavethesameeffectaswritingorface-to-facetalk.Traditionalwaysshouldbeencouragedandpeoplecanwritelettersasmuchaspossible.Secondly,activitiesheldinoneneighborhoodcancreateawarmatmosphereamongpeople.Thirdly,thepeopleneedtoknowhowtoenjoylife,whichisanewandpopularideainmodernsociety.

Sample2:

（outline）

Theincreaseofjuveniledelinquencyandrecommendationstocombatyouthcrime.

Para.1:

introduction:

Theincreasinglyhighraiseofjuveniledelinquencyareagreatprobleminmodernsociety.Moreandmorepeoplearepayingspecialattentiontoit.Therearemainlythreecausesofthisproblem---thenegativeinfluenceofmassmedia,youngpeople’stendency’stoberebelliousandhighdivorcerates.

Para.2:

Thefirstreasonofthehighratesofjuveniledelinquencyisthenegativeinfluenceofcommercializedmassmedia.

Majordetails:

publishersofbooksorprogramproducersareconcernedwithprofitsratherthanthequality.

Example:

obscenebooks,violencemovies,fights,murders,crimes,etc.

Para.3:

Thesecondreasonisthatmodernyoutharemorerevolutionaryandmoreindependentthantheeldergeneration.

Explanations:

throwawayallthetraditionalprinciplesandbeliefs

Para.4:

Thethirdsignificantfactoristheincreasingnumberofsingle-parentfamilies.

Evidence:

studiesshow…

Lackofparentallovemakesthemhostileandcynicaltowardsthesociety.

Para.5:

Thereareseveralwaystopreventtheyouthfromcommittingcrimes.Firstly,schooleducation;secondly,acontrolandsupervisiononthemassmedia;thirdly,mutualunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildren.

Topicsforpractice:

Desertification

Deforestation

Urbanization

Environmentalpollution

Isolationoffamilymembers

Work/studypressure

Argument

Inthistype,youropinionsregardingatopicareessential,asisyourunderstandingandpresentationofconflictingopinions.Youshouldconsidertheargumentashavingtwosides（usuallyyes/no,orpositive/negative）,oneofwhichyousupport.

Thewritingpatterninvolvediscomparison-contrastormatching.

Definition:

Compare:

considersimilaritiesordifferences

Contrast:

consideronlydifferences

Comparison-contrast:

considerbothsimilaritiesanddifferences.

1）Twodifferentpatternsofcomparisons:

a.Thesubject-by-subjectpattern:

b.Thepoint-by-pointpattern

Generally,whenwearemoreinterestedinthewholeorwhenthepointstobetreatedarefew,weusethesubject-by-subjectmethod;whenwearemoreinterestedinthepartsorwhentreatingtoomoneypointsatonceaffectsclarity,weusethepoint-by-pointmethod.

Despitetheseobviousadvantages,weshouldnotoverlooknegativeeffects.Oneproblemis…

Whileoverseasstudyhasitsdrawbacks,theadvantagesareobvious.Providedthatitisfinanciallyfeasible,anoverseaseducationmaydoapersonmoregoodthanharm.

Basedonthetopicsgiven:

a.Discusstypes.Statementorsituationgiven.Discuss.

Pattern: