托福阅读第八阶段.docx

托福阅读第八阶段.docx

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托福阅读第八阶段

托福阅读课程（冲刺）

赵凯

句子简化题：

题干：

Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

逻辑一致，意思一致。

逻辑：

因果,转折，并列，对比。

逻辑关系的改变：

因果颠倒：

因为A，所以B--------------因为B，所以A

让步转折颠倒：

虽然A，但是B。

-----------虽然B，但是A

对比混淆：

A和B进行对比。

--------------A和C进行对比。

GreenIcebergsTPO2

Passage3:

Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionwhenblueiceisilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun,butgreenicebergsstandoutamongwhiteandblueicebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.

3.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Oneexplanationnotesthatgreenicebergsstandoutamongothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butthisisattributedtoanopticalillusion.

○Oneexplanationforthecolorofgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoanopticalillusionthatoccurswhenthelightfromanear-horizonredSunshinesonablueiceberg.

○Oneexplanationforgreenicebergsattributestheircolortoagreatvarietyoflightconditions,butgreenicebergsstandoutbestamongothericebergswhenilluminatedbyanear-horizonredSun.

○Oneexplanationattributesthecolorofgreenicebergstoanopticalillusionunderspeciallightconditions,butgreenicebergsappeardistinctfromothericebergsunderagreatvarietyoflightconditions.

让步转折关系中，重点永远在转折之后

TheoriginsoftheatreTPO1

Paragraph6:

Butneitherthehumanimitativeinstinctnorapenchantforfantasybyitselfleadstoanautonomoustheater.Therefore,additionalexplanationsareneeded.Onenecessaryconditionseemstobeasomewhatdetachedviewofhumanproblems.Forexample,onesignofthisconditionistheappearanceofthecomicvision,sincecomedyrequiressufficientdetachmenttoviewsomedeviationsfromsocialnormsasridiculousratherthanasseriousthreatstothewelfareoftheentiregroup.Anotherconditionthatcontributestothedevelopmentofautonomoustheateristheemergenceoftheaestheticsense.Forexample,someearlysocietiesceasedtoconsidercertainritesessentialtotheirwell-beingandabandonedthem,nevertheless,theyretainedaspartsoftheiroraltraditionthemythsthathadgrownuparoundtheritesandadmiredthemfortheirartisticqualitiesratherthanfortheirreligioususefulness.

12.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

○Asociety’sritesweremorelikelytoberetainedintheoraltraditionifitsmythswereadmiredforartisticqualities.

○Theartisticqualityofamythwassometimesanessentialreasonforasocietytoabandonitfromtheoraltradition.

○Someearlysocietiesstoppedusingmythsintheirreligiouspracticeswhenritesceasedtobeseenasusefulforsocialwell-being.

○Mythssometimessurvivedinasociety’straditionbecauseoftheirartisticqualitiesevenaftertheywerenolongerdeemedreligiouslybeneficial.

当论述两个事物时，往往设置张冠李戴的出错方式。

Electricityfromwindonlinetest

Paragraph 5:

 Large wind farms might also interfere with the flight patterns of migratory birdsin certain areas, and they have killed large birds of prey （especially hawks, falcons, and eagles）that prefer to hunt along the same ridge lines that are ideal for wind turbines.

8. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlightedsentence in the passage?

 Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave outessential information.

○Hawks, falcons, and eagles prefer to hunt along ridge lines, where wind turbines can kill largenumbers of migratory birds.

○Wind turbines occasionally cause migratory birds to change their flight patterns andtherefore may interfere with the areas where birds of prey prefer to hunt.

○Some of the best locations for large wind farms are places that may cause problems formigrating birds and birds of prey.

○Large wind farms in certain areas kill hawks, falcons, and eagles and thus might create a moreideal path for the flight of migratory birds.

总结

正确选项一定是原句的同义的替换，替换方式：

1.在原句序不变的情况下进行词汇的同义替换

2.对原句进行的总结性的重复

复合句，先看句间关系，在抓SVO

简单句，直接抓SVO

MineralsandPlantsTPO5

Paragraph6:

Onlyrecentlyhaveinvestigatorsconsideredusingtheseplantstocleanupsoilandwastesitesthathavebeencontaminatedbytoxiclevelsofheavymetals–anenvironmentallyfriendlyapproachknownasphytoremediation.Thisscenariobeginswiththeplantingofhyperaccumulatingspeciesinthetargetarea,suchasanabandonedmineoranirrigationpondcontaminatedbyrunoff.Toxicmineralswouldfirstbeabsorbedbyrootsbutlaterrelocatedtothestemandleaves.Aharvestoftheshootswouldremovethetoxiccompoundsoffsitetobeburnedorcompostedtorecoverthemetalforindustrialuses.Afterseveralyearsofcultivationandharvest,thesitewouldberestoredatacostmuchlowerthanthepriceofexcavationandreburial,thestandardpracticeforremediationofcontaminatedsoils.Forexamples,infieldtrials,theplantalpinepennycressremovedzincandcadmiumfromsoilsnearazincsmelter,andIndianmustard,nativetoPakistanandIndia,hasbeeneffectiveinreducinglevelsofseleniumsaltsby50percentincontaminatedsoils.

　　10.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

　　○Beforeconsideringphytoremediation,hyperaccumulatingspeciesofplantslocaltothetargetareamustbeidentified.

　　○Theinvestigationbeginswithanevaluationoftoxicsitesinthetargetareatodeterminetheextentofcontamination.

　　○Thefirststepinphytoremediationistheplantingofhyperaccumulatingplantsintheareatobecleanedup.

　　○Minesandirrigationpondscanbekeptfrombecomingcontaminatedbyplantinghyperaccumulatingspeciesintargetedareas.

在找同义替换时，千万不可将词汇重复度越高等同于同义替换越正确

Opportunistsandcompetitorsonlinetest

Paragraph4：

Dandelionsaregoodexamplesofopportunists.Theirseedheadsraisedjusthighenoughabovethegroundtocatchthewind,theplantsarenobiggerthantheyneedbe,theirstemsarehollow,andalltherigiditycomesfromtheirwatercontent.Thus,aminimuminvestmenthasbeenmadeinthebodythatbecomesaplatformforseeddispersal.

　　Theseveryshort-livedplantsreproduceprolifically;thatistosaytheyprovideaconstantrainofseedintheneighborhoodofparentplants.Anewplantwillspringupwhereveraseedfallsonasuitablesoilsurface,butbecausetheydonotbuildbigbodies,theycannotcompetewithotherplantsforspace,water,orsunlight.Theseplantsaretermedopportunistsbecausetheyrelyontheirseeds’fallingintosettingswherecompetingplantshavebeenremovedbynaturalprocesses,suchasalonganerodingriverbank,onlandslips,orwhereatreefallsandcreatesagapintheforestcanopy.

　6.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

　　○Becausetheirseedsgrowinplaceswherecompetingplantsarenolongerpresent,dandelionsareclassifiedasopportunists.

　　○Dandelionsarecalledopportunistsbecausetheycontributetothenaturalprocessesoferosionandthecreationofgapsintheforestcanopy.

　　○Thetermopportunistsapplytoplantswhoseseedsfallinplaceswheretheycancompetewiththeseedsofotherplants.

　　○Thetermopportunistsapplytoplantswhosefallingseedsareremovedbynaturalprocesses.

插入文本题

Paragraph1:

Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.■Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?

■Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.

12.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbeaddedtothepassage.

Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

承上启下：

1，词汇复现：

若插入句里有this/these/that+N,则到原句中寻找这个名词，将句子放到出现这个名词的后面即可。

Paragraph1：

Weallknowthatmanymorepeopletodayareright-handedthanleft-handed.Canonetracethissamepatternfarbackinprehistory?

■Muchoftheevidenceaboutright-handversusleft-handdominancecomesfromstencilsandprintsfoundinrocksheltersinAustraliaandelsewhere,andinmanyIceAgecavesinFrance,Spain,andTasmania.■Whenalefthandhasbeenstenciled,thisimpliesthattheartistwasright-handed,andviceversa.■Eventhoughthepaintwasoftensprayedonbymouth,onecanassumethatthedominanthandassistedintheoperation.Onealsohastomaketheassumptionthathandswerestenciledpalmdownward—alefthandstenciledpalmupwardmightofcourselookasifitwerearighthand.■Of158stencilsintheFrenchcaveofGargas,136havebeenidentifiedasleft,andonly22asright;right-handednesswasthereforeheavilypredominant.

13.Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.

Thestencilsofhandsfoundinthesesheltersandcavesallowustodrawconclusionsaboutwhichhandwasdominant.

Wherewouldthesentencebe