公路路面中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

公路路面中英文对照外文翻译文献.docx

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公路路面中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献

Pavement

Highwaypavementsaredividedintotwomaincategories:

rigitandflexible.

ThewearingsurfaceofarigidpavementisusuallyconstructedofPortlandcementconcretesuchthatitactslikeabeamoveranyirregularitiesintheunderlyingsupportingmaterial.

Thewearingsurfaceofflexiblepavements,ontheotherhand,isusuallyconstructedofbituminousmaterialsuchthattheyremainincontactwiththeunderlyingmaterialevenwhenminorirregularitiesoccur.

Flexiblepavementsusuallyconsistofabituminoussurfaceunderlaidwithalayerofgranularmaterialandalayerofasuitablemixtureofcoarseandfinematerials.

Coarseaggregates

Fineaggregates

Trafficloadsaretransferredbythewearingsurfacetotheunderlyingsupportingmaterialsthroughtheinterlockingofaggregates,thefrictionaleffectofthegranularmaterials,andthecohesionofthefinematerials.

Flexiblepavementsarefurtherdividedintothreesubgroups:

hightype,intermediatetype,andlowtype.High-typepavementshavewearingsurfacesthatadequatelysupporttheexpectedtrafficloadwithoutvisibledistressduetofatigueandarenotsusceptibletoweatherconditions.

Intermediate-typepavementshavewearingsurfacesthatrangefromsurfacetreatedtothosewithqualitiesjustbelowthatofhigh-typepavements.Low-typepavementsareusedmainlyforlow-costroadsandhavewearingsurfacesthatrangefromuntreatedtoloosenaturalmaterialstosurface-treatedearth.

®Thecomponentsofaflexiblepavementincludethesubgradeorpreparedroadbed,thesubbase,basecourse,andthesurfacecourse（Fig.11.1）.

®

Uppersurfacecourse

Middlesurfacecourse

Lowersurfacecourse

Theperformanceofthepavementdependsonthesatisfactoryperformanceofeachcomponent,whichrequiresproperevaluationofthepropertiesofeachcomponentseparately.

®Thesubgradeisusuallythenaturalmateriallocatedalongthehorizontalalignmentofthepavementandservesasthefoundationofthepavementstructure.

®Thesubgrademayalsoconsistofalayerofselectedborrowmaterials,wellcompactedtoprescribedspecifications.

®

Compactingplant

Compactiondevice

Compactness

Itmaybenecessarytotreatthesubgradematerialtoachievecertainstrengthpropertiesrequiredforthetypeofpavementbeingconstructed.

Locatedimmediatelyabovethesubgrade,thesubbasecomponentconsistsofasuperiorqualitytothatwhichgenerallyisusedforsubgradeconstruction.Therequirementsforsubbasematerialsareusuallygivenintermsofthegradation,plasticcharacteristics,andstrength.Whenthequalityofthesubgradematerialmeetstherequirementsofthesubbasematerial,thesubbasecomponentmaybeomitted.

Incaseswheresuitablesubbasematerialisnotreadilyavailable,theavailablematerialcanbetreatedwithothermaterialstoachievethenecessaryproperties.Thisprocessoftreatingsoilstoimprovetheirengineeringpropertiesisknowasstabilization.

®Thebasecourseliesimmediatelyabovethesubbase.Itisplacedimmediatelyabovethesubgradeifasubbasecourseisnotused.

®Thiscourseusuallyconsistsofgranularmaterialssuchascrushedstone,crushedoruncrushed.

Thespecificationsforbasecoursematerialsusuallyincludestricterrequirementsthanthoseforsubbasematerials,particularlywithrespecttotheirplasticity,gradation,andstrength.

MaterialsthatdonothavetherequiredpropertiescanbeusedasbasematerialsiftheyareproperlystabilizedwithPortlandcement,asphalt,orlime.

Insomecases,high-qualitybasecoursematerialsmayalsobetreatedwithasphaltorPortlandcementtoimprovethestiffnesscharacteristicsofheavy-dutypavementsThesurfacecourseistheuppercourseoftheroadpavementandisconstructedimmediatelyabovethebasecourse.Thesurfacecourseinflexiblepavementusuallyconsistsofamixtureofmineralaggregatesandasphalticmaterials.

Itshouldbecapableofwithstandinghightirepressures,resistingtheabrasiveforcesduetotraffic,providingaskid-resistantdrivingsurface,andpreventingthepenetrationofsurfacewaterintotheunderlyinglayers.

®Thethicknessofthewearingsurfacecanvaryfrom3in.tomorethan6in.（inch，英寸，2.54cm）,dependingontheexpectedtrafficonthepavement.Itwasshownthatthequalityofthesurfacecourseofaflexiblepavementdependsonthemixdesignoftheasphaltconcreteused.

®Rigidhighwaypavementsusuallyareconstructedtocarryheavytrafficloads,althoughtheyhavebeenusedforresidentialandlocalroads.Properlydesignedandconstructedrigidpavementshavelongservicelivesandusuallyarelessexpensivetomaintainthantheflexiblepavements.

®ThePortlandcementconcretecommonlyusedforrigidpavementsconsistsofPortlandcement,coarseaggregate,fineaggregate,andwater.Steelreinforcingrodsmayormaynotbeused,dependingonthetypeofpavementbeingconstructed.

Rigidhighwaypavementsbedividedintothreegeneraltype:

plainconcretepavements,simplyreinforcedconcretepavements,andcontinuouslyreinforcedconcretepavement.Thedefinitionofeachpavementtypeisrelatedtotheamountofreinforcementused.

Plainconcretepavementhasnotemperaturesteelordowelsforloadtransfer.However,steeltiebarsareoftenusedtoprovideahingeeffectatlongitudinaljointsandtopreventtheopeningofthesejoints.Plainconcretepavementsareusedmainlyonlow-volumehighwaysorwhencement-stabilizedsoilsareusedassubbase.

®Jointsareplacedatrelativelyshorterdistances（10to20ft）thanwiththeother

typesofconcretepavementstoreducetheamountofcracking.

Insomecase,thetransversejointsofplainconcretepavementsareskewedabout4to5ftinplan,suchthatonlyonewheelofavehiclepassesthroughthejointatatime.Thishelpstoprovideasmootherride.

Simplyreinforcedconcretepavementshavedowelsforthetransferoftrafficloadsacrossjoints,withthesejointsspacedatlargerdistances,rangingfrom30to100ft.Temperaturesteelisusedthroughouttheslab,withtheamountdependentonthelengthoftheslab.Tiebarsarealsocommonlyusedinlongitudinaljoints.

Continuouslyreinforcedconcretepavementshavenotransversejoints,exceptconstructionjointsorexpansionjointswhentheyarenecessaryatspecificpositions,suchasatbridges.

Thesepavementshavearelativelyhighpercentageofsteel,withtheminimumusuallyat0.6percentofthecrosssectionoftheslab.Theyalsocontaintiebarsacrossthelongitudinaljoints.

BituminousSurfaceCourses

Thebituminoussurfacecoursehastoprovideresistancetotheeffectsofrepeatedloadingbytyresandtotheeffectsoftheenvironment.

®Inaddition,itmustofferadequateskidresistanceinwetweatheraswellascomfortablevehicleride.Itmustalsoberesistanttoruttingandtocracking.

®Itisalsodesirablethatsurfacecourseisimpermeable,exceptinthecaseofporousasphalt.

Hotrolledasphalt（HRA）isagapgradedmaterialwithlesscoarseaggregate.Infactitisessentiallyabitumen/fineaggregate/fillermortarintowhichsomecoarseaggregateisplaced.

Themechanicalpropertiesaredominatedbythoseofthemortar.ThismaterialhasbeenextensivelyusedasthewearingcourseonmajorroadintheUK,thoughitsusehasrecentlydeclinedasnewmaterialshavebeenintroduced.

®Itprovidesadurablelayerwithgoodresistancetocrackingandonewhichisrelativelyeasytocompact.Thecoarseaggregatecontentislow（typically30%）whichresultsinthecompactedmixturehavingasmoothsurface.Accordingly,theskidresistanceisinadequateandprecoatedchippingsarerolledintothesurfaceatthetimeoflayingtocorrectthisdeficiency.

InScotland,HRAwearingcourseremainsthepreferredwearingcourseontrunkroadsincludingmotorwaybut，since1999thinsurfacingshavebeenthepreferredoptioninEnglandandWales.Since1999inNorthernIreland,HRAwearingcourseandthinsurfacingsarethepreferredpermittedoptions.

Porousasphalt（PA）isauniformlygradedmaterialwhichisdesignedtoprovidelargeairvoidssothatwatercandraintothevergeswithinthelayerthickness.Ifthewearingcourseistobeeffective,thebasecoursebelowmustbewaterproofandthePAmusthavetheabilitytoretainitsopentexturedpropertieswithtime.

Thickbinderfilmsarerequiredtoresistwaterdamageandageingofthebinder.Inuse,thismaterialminimizesvehiclespray,providesaquietrideandlowerrollingresistancetotrafficthandensemixtures.

®Itisoftenspecifiedforenvironmentalreasonsbutstonemasticasphalt（SMA）andspecialthinsurfacingsaregenerallyfavouredincurrentUKpractice.TherehavebeenhighprofileinstanceswhereaPAwearingcoursehasfailedearlyinitslife.TheHighwaysAgencydoesnotrecommendtheuseofaPAattrafficlevelsabove6000commercialvehiclesperday.

®Asphalticconcreteanddensebitumenmacadam（DBM）arecontinuouslygradedmixturessimilarinprincipletotheDBMsusedinroadbasesandbasecoursesbutwithsmallermaximumparticlesizes.AsphalticconcretetendstohaveaslightlydensergradingandisusedforroadsurfacesthroughouttheworldwiththeexceptingoftheUK.

®ItismoredifficulttomeetUKskidresistanceStandardswithDBMsthanHRA,SMAorPA.ThisproblemcanberesolvesbyprovidingaseparatesurfacetreatmentbutdoingsogenerallymakesDBMeconomicallyunattractive.

®Stonemasticasphalt（SMA）materialwaspioneeredinGermanyandScandinaviaandisnowwidelyusedintheUK.SMAhasacoarse,aggregrateskeleton,likePA,butthevoidsarefilledwithafineaggregate/filler/bitumenmortar.

®Inmixturesusingpenetrationgradebi