高中化学基础知识大全.docx
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高中化学基础知识大全
一、非金属单质(F2,Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si,H)
K氧化性:
F2+H2===2HF(阴暗处爆炸)
2+氧化为MnO)
Fz+Xe(过量)==XeF2
2F«过量)+Xe=XeR(XeF4是强氧化剂,能将Mn
nF2+2M===2MFn(M表示大部分金属)2F2+2H2O===4HF+P水是还原剂)2F^2NaOH===2NaF+i®
F2+2NaCI===2NaF+C2l
F2+2NaBr===2NaF+B2r
F2+2Nal===2NaF+l2
F&过量)+12===2IF?
F2+CH等体积)===2CIF(CIF属于类卤素:
CIF+H2O==HF+HCIO)
3F&过量)+CI2===2CIF3(CIF3+3HQ==3HF+HC®
CI^H,2HCI(将日在Cb点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)
3CL+2P2PCI3Cl2+PCI3PCI5Cl2+2Na2NaCI
2>===2Fe3++3CI)Cl
2+2FeCl2===2FeCl3(在水溶液中:
Clh2Fe
量)+2KI+3H2O==6HCI+KIO3
3CI2+I+3H-+6CI+10
Q=6H+3H++6CI
+10
3
56+12+6H2O===2HIO3+10HCI
5CI2+I2+6H2CMOCI
+I0+12H+
3
2=2CI+SJ
++2CI+SJCl
2+H2S===2HCKSI(水溶液中:
CI2+H2S=2H
Cl2+SO2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCI
++S02+2CI
CI2+SO2+2H2O4H
24-H2Q===2HCI+O2
Cl
2+H2O2H
十+CI+OCI
2O2+3FeFe3Q
02+K===KO2
S+H2H2S
2S+CCS2
S+ZnZnS
S+FeFeS(既能由单质制取,
又能由离子制取
)S+2Cu
Cup(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)
3S+2AIAI2S(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取M3H2
2NH3N2+3MgMg3NN2+38Cash!
N+3B&Ba3NN2+6Na2NaJ\lN2+6K2K3N
N+6Rb2Rb3NN2+2AI2AIN
R+6H24PHsP+3NaNa3P2P+3ZnZn3R
屮2Li2LiH
2、还原性
S+02S02S+HQOJ浓)3SO2f+2H2O
S+6HNQ浓)H2SO4+6NO2f+2HQ
++6==6NO
S+4H2f+2巴0+
3S+4HNP稀)3SO2+4NOf+2H2O
++43S0
3S+4H
2+4NOf+2H2O
14+022N0
4P+5O2P4Q(常写成RQ)
2P+3X22PX3(X表示F2,Cl2,Br2)PX3+X2PX5
R+20HNO3(浓)4H3PO4+2ONO2f+4H2O
2O)
-=c「+cq・+h
5CI+CIO+3H
3
Q)
2S2+SO2+3H
3C+SiO2SiC+2C0
★+20H-+H
++2NH+H
4Na+TiCI44NaCI+TiMg+CI2MgChMg+Br2MgBr22Mg+O22MgOMg+SMgS
2Cu+SC112S(Cu2S只能由单质制备)
Mg+2HQMg(OH)2+H2
Mg+H2S=MgS+2H
2AI+3CI22AICI3
4AK3O2===2AI2Q(常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧
4AI(Hg)+3O尹2xH2O===2(Al2Q.xHQ)+4Hg(铝汞齐)
4AK3MnO22AI2Q+3Mn2AI+Cr2QAl2Q+2Cr(铝热反应)
2AI+Fe2QAI2(>2Fe2AI+3FeOAI2(>3Fe
戶2AI3・+3H
2AI+6HCI==2AICI非3H?
f2AI+6H一2AI3++3H2AK3H2SO4===AI2(SO4)3+3H2f2AK6H
2AK6H2SO4(浓)===AI2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O(AI.Fe在冷,浓的4SO4,HNO3中钝化)
++N0”严+NOf+2H
AI+4HN0*稀)===AI(N03)hN0f+2H2OAI+4H2O
32AI+2NaOH+2HO=2NaAIQ+3H2f2AI+2OH+2H+3H
2O=2AIO2+2H
-+3H
42Fe+3Br2===2FeBr33Fe+2O2Fe3Q2Fe+022FeO(炼$冈过程)
Fe+I2Fel2
Fe+SFeS(FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备)3Fe+4H2O(g)Fe3Q*-4H2f
Fe+2HCI===FeCl+H2fFe+2H戶FX+H
f
Fe+CuCl2===FeCl2+CuFe+Cu(
2*=Fe2++CuJ
Fe+SnCA=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡2*=Fe2++SnJ
Fe+SnCI2==FeCI2+Sn|Fe+Sn
三・非金属氢化物(HF.HCI.H2O,H2S,NH3)金属氢化物(NaH)
K还原性:
4HCI(}^)+MnO2MnCh+Ch]+2出0
++2CI+MnO2++CI
4H2Mn2f+2HQ
4HCI(浓)+PbO2PbCI2+CI2f+2H2O
++2CI+PbO2++CI
4H2Pb2f+2HQ
4HCI(g)+O22CI2+2H2O
16HCI+2KMnO===2KCI+2MnC2l+5Cl2f+8HQ
++10CI+2MnO=2Mn2++5CI
16H2f+8巴0
4
6HCI+KCIO3==KCK3Cl2f+3HQ
++5CI+CI0「=3CI
6H2f+3H2O
3
14HCI+K2Cr2Q===2KCI+2CrCI3+3CI2f+7H2O
++6CI+Cr2=2C严+5CI
14H202f+7H2O
2HQ+2F2==4HF+O2
2HCI+F2=2HF+C](F2气与HCI、HB「、HI、HSsNH3气体不能共存)
2HB「+CA2HCI+B「2(Cl2气与HB「、HI、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3C)2(足量)2SO2+2H2O2H£+02(少量)2SJ+2H2O
2H2S+SO2===3SJ+2H2OH2S+H2SO*j农戶==S|+SO2f+2HQ
3HP+2HNP稀)===3SI+2N0f+4H2O
++2N0=3SJ+2N0f+4H3H2S+2H
2O
3
5H2S+2KMnOOlS04===2MnSOKS04+5S|+8HQ
5H2S+2MnO420
「+6H—2M2+5SI+8H
3H2S+K2Cr2O+4H2SO4===Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3SJ+7H2O
3H2S+O2O2O
2+8H+==2C严+3S|+7H
liS+4Na2(>2H2O===N^D4+6NaOH
HS+4Na2Q+2HP=8Na
2NH3+3CuO3Cu+4KbbO
2NH3+3Cl2===N2+6HCI8NH3+3Cl2===N2+6NH4CI
NH3+NaNO2+HCI==NaCI+N2f+2H2O
NH3+NO22f+2巴0
「+H—N
4NHs+3O2(纯氧)2N尹6H2O4NH3+5O24NO+6H2O
4NH3+6NO===5MeiO(用氨清除NO)
NaH+H2O===NaOH+2冷(生氢齐血
++OK+H
NaH+H2O=Na
2f
4NaH+TiChTi+4NaCI+2H2fCaH2+2H2O=Ca(OH^|+2H2f
2、酸性:
4HF+SQ2—旺+2巴0(可测定矿样或钢样中Si°2的含量,玻璃雕刻)4HF+Si=SiR+2H2f
2HF+CaQ===CaF2+2HCIH2S+Fe===FeS|+也f
HS+CuCl===CuSI+2HCI(弱酸制强酸的典型反应)2+=CuSJ+2H
+
HS+Cu
HS+2AgNO3===Ag3S[+2HNO3
尸Ag
HS+2Ag2sl+2H
HS+HgCl===HgSJ+2HCI
沪HgSJ+2H
+
HS+Hg
冷+Pb(NOJ2=PbSI+2HNO3(铅试纸检验空气中HS)
沪PbSJ+2H
HS+Pb
HS+2Ag===AgS-H-bf(银器在空气中变黑的原因)
2NH3(液)+2Na==2NaNHH2f(NaNH2+H2O===NaOH+!
4l)
3、NH3的碱性:
NH3+HX===NW(X:
F、ClsB「、I、S)
+=NH*
NH3+HNO3=NH4\IO3NH3+H
戶NH+
NH3+NaCI+H20+CO^==NaHCObHCI(侯德榜制碱:
用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)
++HS
NH3+H2STH4HS
NH
3+H2SWH4
4、不稳定性:
2HFH2+F22HCI
H+CI2
2H
2O2H2+O2
2H2Q===2H2O+O2H
28f+S
2NH3N尹3已
2HI出+匚
四•非金属氧化物
(SO3、SO?
、
NQ
no、NQ、NO?
、NQ、NQ、co、co?
、Sio2xrq、rqs
CIACI2QsCI2O、CI2O.
、CIO2)
K低价态的还原性:
(SO2、CO、NO)
2SO2+O2+2H2O===2H2SO4(这是SO?
在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)
2SO2+O22SOsSO2+NO2===SO3+NO
++SO2+2CI
SO2+CI2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HCI
Cl
尹SO2+2HQ=4H
4
++SO2
+2Br
SO2+Br2+2H2O===H2SO4+2HBr
Br
2+SO2+2H2O=4H
4
++SO2
+21
SO2+12+2HQ==H2SO4+2HI
1
2+SO2+2HQMH
2NO+O2===2NO2
NO+Np+2N8OH==2Naf昶用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的NO和NO2)
NO+NP«H
'=2NO
2、氧化性:
SO2+2H2S===3S+2H2O
SCh+2KIK2SO3+I2
NO2+2KKH2O===NO+#2KOH(不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别漠蒸气和NO?
)
4N02+H2S===4N0+S3<^02NO2+C114CuO+NNQ+ZnZnO+N?
CO尹2Mg2MgO+C(CO2不能用于扑灭由Mg,Ca,Ba,Na,K等燃烧的火灾)
SiO2+2H2Si+2H2O
SiO2+2Mg2MgO+Si
3、与水的作用:
SO2+H2O===H2SO3
++S02
so3+h2o===h2so4
SO3+H2O=2H
4
3N02+H20===2HN3OhD(NO?
不是硝酸的酸酉干)
++2NO
RQ+HQ(冷水)===2HPO3
^3^0(热水)=2HfO4R05极易吸水可作气体干燥剂)
FR>3H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO3
CO+O—HQChCI
4、与碱性物质的作用:
SO2+2NH3+H2O===(NH4)$03
SO2+(NH4)2SO3+H2O===2NH-Ki
2NH4HSOs+H2SO4===(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2f(硫酸工业尾气处理)
SO2+Ca(OH)2===CaSO3|+已0(不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SCh和CCh.可用品红鉴别)
CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)HC8CO3+H2O
Ca
2++2+C0
2=CbCC)3J+H2O
2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2==C8(HCO3)2
OH
一+co
2=HCOs
2++2HCCT
CO2+CaCO3+H2O==Ca(HCp2CO
2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca
3
CO/不足)+2NaAIO2+3H2O===2AI(OH)3J
+Na2CO3
=AI(OH)
CO2+3H2O+AIO23J+CC)3
CO*足)+NaAIO2+2HQ==AI(OH)3J+NaHCO
=AI(OH)
CO2+C6HONa+H2O===C6HOHJ+NaHCO
SKVCaOCaSiO3(炼钢造渣)
SiO2+2NaOH=N2辺+巴0(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiCh+NMCh
Na2SiO^CO2(制取玻璃)SiQ+CaCChCaSiO汁CO2(制取玻璃)2NO2+2NaOH==NaN22NO2+2OH20
=N0+N0+H
32
NO+N£H2IWH==2NaN2-(K)(制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)
NO+NP^H20
_=2N0+H
五・金属氧化物
1、低价态的还原性:
6FeO+O2===2Fe3Q
FeO+4HNP=Fe(F^)3+NO2+2H2O
++N0=Fe3++NOFeO+4H
2f+2HQ
3
2、氧化性:
Na2Q+2Na2Na2O(此反应用于制备Na2C)
MgO,Al灯几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为Mg,Al.—般通过电解制Mg和AI.Fe33H22Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)
Fe3Q+4H23Fe+4H2OCuO+H2Cu+H2O
2Fe3Q+16HI==6Fel^8H2O+2l2
++4I_=6Fe2++8H
2FesO16HQ+2b
Fe^Fe3FeO(炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)
FeO+CFe+CO高温炼钢调节C含量)
2FeO+Si2Fe+SiO2(高温炼钢调节Si含量)
3、与水的作用:
Na2O+H2O==2NaOH
++20K
Na2O+H2O=2Na
2Na2Q+2H2O===4NaOH+2Q
++40H+0
2Na2Q^2H2O=4Na
(此反应分两步:
N82Q+2HQ===2N8OH+©;2H2Q===2HQ+O2HQ的制备可利用类彳以的反应:
BaOhfSCM稀戶==BaSO4+H2Q)
MgO+HO===Mg(OH2(^慢反应)
4、与酸性物质的作用:
Na£)+SO3==Na2SO4Na2O+CO2==Na2CO3MgO+SO3===MgSO
Na2O+2HCI==2NaCK0
尸2N&++H
Na2O+2H20
2Na2Q+2CO2==2Na2CO3+O2f
N82Q+H2SC)4(冷,^)===Na2SO4+H2Q
MgO+畑4===MgS0i2O
+=Mg2*+H
MgO+2HQ
Al2Q+3H2SO4===AIXS04)3+3H2O
-2AI3++3H
Ag6H20
Al2Q+2NaOH===2NaAlAI2O2OHQ
=2AI0+H
FeO+2HCI===FeC2h-HO
+=Fe2*+H
FeO+2H20
Fe2Q+6HCI===2FeCI+3H2O
+=2Fe3++3HFe-
2Q*-6H2O
Fe3(>8HCI===FeCb2FeCl3+4H2O
戶2Fe3++Fe"+4HFe-3(>8H
20
六・含氧酸
K氧化性:
4HCIO3+3H2S===3H2SO4+4HCI
_+3H++S02+CI
4
CIOs2S=6H
hcio3+hi===hio3+hci
_+r=io+ci
CIO3
3
3HCIO+HI===HIO3+3HCI
3HCIO+I
=10+3H++CI
3
HCIO+H2SO3===H2SO4+HCI
++S02「+C「
HCIO+H2SOs=3H
4
HCQ+H2OHHCI+HQ+02f
++C「+HHCIO+H2Q=H
2O+O2f
(氧化性:
HCIO>HCIO2>HCIO3>HCIO4,但浓,热的HCI04氧化性很强)
2H£O4(j农)+CC02f+2SO2f+2H2O
2H2SO4(浓)+S3SO2f+2H2O
HS04+Fe(AI)室温下钝化6H2SO4j农)+2FeFe2(SO03+3SO2f+6H2O
2H£O4(j农)+CuCuSObSChf+2H2O
冷0』浓)+2HBr===SO2j+BR+2HQ(不能用浓硫酸与NaBr•制取HBr)
冷0/浓)+2HI===SO2f+I2+2H2O(不能用浓硫酸与Nel制取HI)
HS04(稀)+Fe===FeSO4+H2f
++Fe=Fe2*+H
2H
4
HSO3+2H2S===3SI+3H2O
4HN0X浓)+CCO2f+4NO2f+2H2O
6HN0X浓)+SH2SO4+6NO2f+2HQ
5HNO4浓)+PH3PO4+5NO2f+巴0
5HN0X稀)+3P+2H2O3HPO4+5NOf
++5NO+3P+2H
5H2O3H3PO4+5NOf
3
6HNO4浓足)+Fe===Fe(NO3)3+3NO2f+3H2O
3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2啲4HNO4浓)+Fe(足)===Fe(NO3)2+NO2f+2巴0(先得Fe
盐)
4HN0*稀足)+Fe==Fe(NO3)3+NOf+2HQ++NO+Fe=Fe3++NOf+2H4H
20
3
30HN03+8Fe===8Fe(N03)3+3N20f+15H2O
++6N0+8Fe=8Fe3++3N
30H20f+1520
3
36HN03+10Fe===10Fe(N03)3+3N2f+18H2O
.+6N0+10Fe=8Fe3++3N
x+&ost
工寸Hor+x+dsx
底棗X)XH0+6QHHROf+丈+EOSH
0“HOL+UZ寸工9++HN+.CZ寸;NtQHco+EONfN+z(CON)uzt^"^dNH0L+uzt^e
0T9+Jo"HOL+UZ寸NJUZ寸HON0torg+<—OZ+Z(ON)UZ寸H"濮dNHOL+uz寸
Hoe工6+fNoo++ozl85zl8+ONcot0r6t0NrNe+"(E0N)①ZI8H专①z!
8toNH0co
2H2SO3+O2==2H2SO4
++S0
2H2SO3+O2MH
4
HSO3+H2Q===H2SO4+H2O
++S02+H
^SO3+H2Q=2H20
4
5HQO3+2KMnO尸==2MnSp^SO4+2H2SO4+3H2O
5H2SO3+2MnO42O
=2M*+4H++3SO2_+3H
HSO3+2FeCI3+H2O===H2SO4+2FeCI2+2HCI
3++H++2Fe2*+SO2-
^SO3+2Fe2O=4H
3、酸性
HSCHj农)+C&F2CaSO4+2HFf(
liSO4(j农)+N&CINaHSCVHCIf(
HSO4(j农)+2NaCIN82SO4+2HCIf
HSCH浓)+N&NO3NaHSO4+HNO3f
3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)23CaSO4+2H3PO42CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2(工业制磷肥)
3HNO3+Ag3PO4==H3PO4+3AgNO3
十+Ag♦3H
3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag2HNO3+CaCO3==Ca(NO3)2+H2O+CO2f
*+CaCO2.+H
2H3=Ca2O+CO2f
(用HNCh和浓HSCh不能制备HS,
不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)
不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)强酸制弱酸酸)2^0"浓)+8护0小
七・碱
K低价态的还原性:
4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O===4Fe(OH3)
2、与酸性物质的作用:
2N&0H+S砂量)HN82SO3+H2O
OH2=SC)32。
+S02+h
NaOH+S尿)=NsHS03
OH2(足戶HSCh
一+SO-
2NaOH+SiO2==Na2SiO3+H2O
OH2=SiO32O
+SiO2-+h
2NaOH+A£)3==2NaAIO^H2O
2OH_^Q=2AIO22O
+AI+H
「+AI+H
2K0H+CP=KCI+KCIO+H2O
2O
Cb+20H
=CI+CIO+H
NaOH+HCI==NaCKB
++OH=HH
20
N&OH+用足)==NaHS+H2O
OH2S=HSQ
+H_+H
2NaOH+|M)==Na2S+2H2O
2OH
+H2+2H
3NaOH+AICl==AI(OH)3|+3NaCI
3OH3+=AI(OH)
+AI
+AI
NaOH+AI(OH)==NaAIO2+2H2O
OH+AI(OH)尸AIO2
+2H
(AICI3和AI(OHh哪个酸性强?
)
20
+2H
Ca(OH)2+2NH4CI2CaCI2+2NH3f+2H2O(实验室制NH0
NaOH+N4GflNaCI+NH3f+H20
Mg(OH)2+2NH4CI==MgClrfNH3・HO(AI(OH)3+NHQI不:
容解)
Ba(OH)2+H2SO4==BaSO4J+2H2O
++20H+B护+S02=BaSO
2H4J2H2O
4
3、不稳定性:
Mg(OH)2MgO+H2O2AI(0H)3Al2Q+3HQ
2Fe(OH)3Fe2O3H20Cu(OH)2C11O+H2O2AgOH==Ag2O+HQ
K氧化性:
(在水溶液中)
2FeCI3+Fe==3FeCl2Fe
2FeCI3+Cu===2FeCRCuCl2(用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe
3*+Fe=3Fe2+
3++Cu=2Fe2*+Cu2+
2FeCls+Zn(少量)===2FeCl2+ZnCl2
FeCI3+Ag===FeCl+AgCI|
2Fe
2Fe
3*+Z