1、高中化学基础知识大全一、非金属单质 (F2, Cl2,O2,S,N2,P,C,Si, H)K氧化性:F2+H2=2HF (阴暗处爆炸)2+氧化为MnO )Fz+Xe(过量)=XeF22F过量)+Xe=XeR (XeF 4是强氧化剂,能将MnnF2+2M=2MFn(M表示大部分金属) 2F2+2H2O=4HF+P 水是还原剂) 2F2NaOH=2NaF+iF2+2NaCI=2NaF+C2lF2+2NaBr=2NaF+B2rF2+2Nal=2NaF+l2F& 过量)+1 2=2IF?F2+CH等体积)=2CIF (CIF 属于类卤素:CIF+H2O=HF+HCIO )3F& 过量)+CI 2=2C
2、IF3 (CIF 3+3HQ=3HF+HCCIH, 2HCI(将日在Cb点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸)3CL+2P 2PCI3 Cl 2+PCI3 PCI 5 Cl 2+2Na 2NaCI2=2Fe3+3CI ) Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3 ( 在水溶液中:Clh2Fe量)+2KI+3H2O=6HCI+KIO33CI2+I +3H -+6CI +10Q=6H +3H +6CI+10356+12+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCI5CI2+I2+6H2CMOCI+I0 +12H+32 =2CI +S J+2CI +S J Cl2+H2S=2HCKS I ( 水溶液中:CI2+H2S=
3、2HCl 2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCI+S02 +2CICI2+SO2+2H2O4H24-H2Q=2HCI+O2Cl2+H2O2H十+CI +OCI2O2+3Fe Fe3Q0 2+K=KO2S+H2 H2S2S+C CS 2S+Zn ZnSS+Fe FeS (既能由单质制取,又能由离子制取)S+2CuCup(只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取)3S+2AIAI2S (只能由单质制取,不能由离子制取 M3H22NH3 N 2+3Mg Mg3N N 2+38 Cash!N+3B& Ba3N N 2+6Na 2NaJl N 2+6K 2K3NN+6Rb 2Rb3N N 2+2AI 2AIN
4、R+6H2 4PHs P+3Na Na 3P 2P+3Zn Zn 3R屮2Li 2LiH2、还原性S+02 S02 S+H QOJ 浓)3SO2 f +2H2OS+6HNQ 浓)H 2SO4+6NO2 f +2HQ+6=6NOS+4H 2 f +2巴0+3S+4HNP 稀)3SO2+4NO f +2H2O+4 3S03S+4H2+4NO f +2H2O14+02 2N04P+5O2P4Q(常写成 RQ)2P+3X2 2PX3(X 表示 F2, Cl2, Br2) PX3+X2 PX5R+20HNO3(浓)4H 3PO4+2ONO2 f +4H2O2O)-=c+cq+h5CI +CIO +3H3
5、Q)2S2+SO2 +3H3C+SiO2 SiC+2C0+20H-+H+2NH+H4Na+TiCI4 4NaCI+Ti Mg+CI 2 MgCh Mg+Br 2 MgBr2 2Mg+O2 2MgO Mg+S MgS2Cu+S C112S (Cu 2S只能由单质制备)Mg+2HQ Mg(OH)2+H2Mg+H2S=MgS+2H2AI+3CI2 2AICI 34AK3O2=2AI2Q (常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化,在氧气中燃烧4AI(Hg)+3O 尹 2xH2O=2(Al2Q.xHQ)+4Hg (铝汞齐)4AK3MnO2 2AI2Q+3Mn 2AI+Cr 2Q Al 2Q+2Cr (铝热反应)2AI
6、+Fe2Q AI2(2Fe 2AI+3FeO AI2(3Fe戶 2AI 3+3H2AI+6HCI=2AICI 非3H? f 2AI+6H 一2AI 3+3H 2AK3H2SO4=AI2(SO4) 3+3H2 f 2AK6H2AK6H2SO4(浓)=AI 2(SO4)3+3SO2+6H2O (AI.Fe 在冷,浓的 4SO4,HNO3 中钝化)+N0 ”严+NO f +2HAI+4HN0* 稀)=AI(N03)hN0 f +2H2O AI+4H 2O3 2AI+2NaOH+2HO=2NaAIQ+3H2 f 2AI+2OH +2H +3H2O=2AIO2 +2H-+3H4 2Fe+3Br2=2Fe
7、Br3 3Fe+2O2 Fe3Q 2Fe+0 2 2FeO (炼$冈过程)Fe+I2 Fel 2Fe+S FeS (FeS既能由单质制备,又能由离子制备) 3Fe+4H2O(g) Fe 3Q*-4H2 fFe+2HCI=FeCl+H2 f Fe+2H 戶FX+HfFe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu Fe+Cu (2*=Fe2+Cu JFe+SnCA=FeCl2+SnCl2(铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡完全还原为单质锡 2*=Fe2+Sn JFe+SnCI2=FeCI2+Sn | Fe+Sn三非金属氢化物 (HF.HCI.H 2O,H2S,NH 3)金属氢化物(NaH)K还原性:4HCI( )
8、+MnO2 MnCh+Ch +2出0+2CI +MnO 2+CI4H 2 Mn 2 f +2HQ4HCI(浓)+PbO2 PbCI 2+CI2 f +2H2O+2CI +PbO 2+CI4H 2Pb 2 f +2HQ4HCI(g)+O2 2CI 2+2H2O16HCI+2KMnO=2KCI+2MnC2l+5Cl2 f +8HQ+10CI+2MnO =2Mn2+5CI16 H 2 f +8巴046HCI+KCIO3=KCK3Cl2 f +3HQ+5CI +CI0=3CI6H 2 f +3H2O314HCI+K2Cr2Q=2KCI+2CrCI3+3CI2 f +7H2O+6CI +Cr 2 =2C
9、 严+5CI14H 20 2 f +7H2O2HQ+2F2=4HF+O22HCI+F2=2HF+C (F 2 气与 HCI、HB、HI、HSs NH3气体不能共存)2HB+CA2HCI+B2 (Cl 2气与 HB、HI、NH3气体不能共存)2H2S+3C)2(足量) 2SO2+2H2O 2H +02(少量)2S J +2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S J +2H2O H 2S+H2SO* j农戶=S | +SO2 f +2HQ3HP+2HNP 稀)=3S I +2N0 f +4H2O+2N0 =3S J +2N0 f +4H 3H2S+2H2O35H2S+2KMnOOlS04=2MnSOKS04
10、+5S | +8HQ5H2S+2MnO4 20+6H2M2+5S I +8H3H2S+K2Cr2O+4H2SO4=Cr2(SO4)3+K2SO4+3S J +7H2O3H2S+O2O 2O2 +8H+=2C严+3S | +7HliS+4Na2(2H2O=ND4+6NaOHHS+4Na2Q+2HP=8Na2NH3+3CuO 3Cu+4KbbO2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCI 8NH 3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4CINH3+NaNO2+HCI=NaCI+N2 f +2H2ONH3+NO2 2 f +2巴0+HN4NHs+3O2(纯氧)2N 尹6H2O 4NH 3+5O2 4NO+6H2O4NH3
11、+6NO=5MeiO (用氨清除 NO)NaH+H2O=NaOH+2 冷(生氢齐血+OK+HNaH+H2O=Na2 f4NaH+TiCh Ti+4NaCI+2H2 f CaH 2+2H2O=Ca(OH | +2H2 f2、酸性:4HF+SQ2 旺+2巴0 (可测定矿样或钢样中Si2的含量,玻璃雕刻) 4HF+Si=SiR+2H2 f2HF+CaQ=CaF2+2HCI H 2S+Fe=FeS | +也 fHS+CuCl=CuS I +2HCI (弱酸制强酸的典型反应) 2+=CuS J +2H+HS+CuHS+2AgNO3=Ag3S +2HNO3尸AgHS+2Ag 2sl +2HHS+HgCl=
12、HgS J +2HCI沪HgS J +2H+HS+Hg冷+Pb(NOJ2=PbS I +2HNO3 (铅试纸检验空气中HS)沪PbS J +2HHS+PbHS+2Ag=AgS-H-b f (银器在空气中变黑的原因)2NH3(液)+2Na=2NaNHH2 f (NaNH 2+H2O=NaOH+!4l)3、NH3的碱性:NH3+HX=NW (X : F、 Cl s B、 I、 S)+=NH*NH3+HNO3=NH4IO3 NH 3+H戶NH+NH3+NaCI+H20+CO=NaHCObHCI (侯德榜制碱:用于工业制备小苏打,苏打)+HSNH3+H2STH4HSNH3+H2SWH44、不稳定性:2
13、HFH2+F2 2HCIH+CI22H2O2H2+O22H2Q=2H2O+O2 H28 f+S2NH 3N尹3已2HI出+匚四非金属氧化物(SO3、SO?、NQno、NQ、NO?、NQ、NQ、co、co?、Sio2x rq、rqsCIA CI2Qs CI2O、CI2O.、CIO2)K低价态的还原性:(SO2、CO、NO)2SO2+O2+2H2O=2H2SO4 (这是SO?在大气中缓慢发生的环境化学反应)2SO2+O2 2SOs SO2+NO2=SO3+NO+SO2 +2CISO2+CI2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HCICl尹 SO2+2HQ=4H4+SO2+2BrSO2+Br2+2H2O=H2
14、SO4+2HBrBr2+SO2+2H2O=4H4+SO2+21SO2+12+2HQ=H2SO4+2HI12+SO2+2HQMH2NO+O2=2NO2NO+Np+2N8OH=2Naf昶用于制硝酸工业中吸收尾气中的 NO和NO2)NO+NPH=2NO2、氧化性:SO2+2H2S=3S+2H2OSCh+2KI K2SO3+I2NO2+2KKH2O=NO+# 2KOH (不能用淀粉KI溶液鉴别漠蒸气和NO?)4N02+H2S=4N0+S33H2SO4(浓)=2H3PO4+3SO3CO+OHQChCI4、与碱性物质的作用:SO2+2NH3+H2O=(NH4) $03SO2+(NH4) 2SO3+H2O=
15、2NH-Ki2NH4HSOs+H2SO4=(NH4)2SO4+2H2O+2SO2 f (硫酸工业尾气处理)SO2+Ca(OH)2=CaSO3 | +已0 (不能用澄清石灰水鉴别SCh和CCh.可用品红鉴别)CO2+Ca(OH)2(过量)HC8CO3+H2OCa2+2 +C02=CbCC)3 J +H2O2CO2(过量)+Ca(OH)2=C8(HCO3)2OH一+co2=HCOs2+2HCCTCO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca(HCp 2 CO2+CaCO3+H2O=Ca3CO/ 不足)+2NaAIO2+3H2O=2AI(OH)3 J+Na2CO3=AI(OH)CO2+3H2O+AIO2 3 J
16、+CC)3CO* 足)+NaAIO2+2HQ=AI(OH)3 J +NaHCO=AI(OH)CO2+C6 HONa+H2O=C6HOH J +NaHCOSKVCaO CaSiO3 (炼钢造渣)SiO2+2NaOH=N2辺+巴0(常温下强碱缓慢腐蚀玻璃)SiCh+NMChNa2SiOCO2 (制取玻璃)SiQ+CaCCh CaSiO汁CO2 (制取玻璃) 2NO2+2NaOH=NaN2hHq+H2O2NO2+2OH 20=N0 +N0 +H3 2NO+NH2IWH=2NaN2-(K)(制取硝酸工业尾气吸收)NO+NPH 20_=2N0 +H五金属氧化物1、 低价态的还原性:6FeO+O2=2Fe
17、3QFeO+4HNP=Fe(F) 3+NO2+2H2O+N0 =Fe3+NO FeO+4H2 f +2HQ32、 氧化性:Na2Q+2Na 2Na2O (此反应用于制备Na2C)MgO, Al灯几乎没有氧化性,很难被还原为 Mg, Al. 般通过电解制Mg和AI. Fe33H2 2Fe+3H2O(制还原铁粉)Fe3Q+4H2 3Fe+4H2O CuO+H 2 Cu+H2O2Fe3Q+16HI=6Fel8H2O+2l2+4I _=6Fe2+8H2FesO16H Q+2bFeFe 3FeO (炼钢过程中加入废钢作氧化剂)FeO+C Fe+CO高温炼钢调节C含量)2FeO+Si 2Fe+SiO2 (
18、高温炼钢调节Si含量)3、 与水的作用:Na2O+H2O=2NaOH+20KNa2O+H2O=2Na2Na2Q+2H2O=4NaOH+2 Q+40H +02Na2Q2H2O=4Na(此反应分两步:N82Q+2HQ=2N8OH+;2H2Q=2HQ+O2 HQ的制备可利用类 彳以的反应:BaOhfSCM稀戶=BaSO4+H2Q)MgO+HO=Mg(OH2(慢反应)4、 与酸性物质的作用:Na)+SO3=Na2SO4 Na 2O+CO2=Na2CO3 MgO+SO 3=MgSONa2O+2HCI=2NaCK0尸 2N&+HNa2O+2H 202Na2Q+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2 fN82Q+H
19、2SC)4(冷,)=Na2SO4+H2QMgO+畑 4 =MgS0i2O+=Mg2*+HMgO+2H QAl 2Q+3H2SO4=AIXS04) 3+3H2O-2AI3+3HAg6H 20Al 2Q+2NaOH=2NaAl8HCI=FeCb2FeCl3+4H2O戶2Fe3+Fe+4H Fe-3(8H20六含氧酸K氧化性:4HCIO3+3H2S=3H2SO4+4HCI_ +3H +S02 +CI4CIOs 2S=6Hhcio3+hi=hio3+hci_+r=io +ciCIO333HCIO+HI=HIO3+3HCI3HCIO+I=10 +3H+CI3HCIO+H2SO3=H2SO4+HCI+S0
20、2+CHCIO+H2SOs=3H4HCQ+H2OHHCI+HQ+02 f+C+H HCIO+H2Q=H2O+O2 f(氧化性:HCIOHCIO2HCIO3HCIO4,但浓,热的HCI04氧化性很强)2HO4( j农)+C C02 f +2SO2 f +2H2O2H2SO4(浓)+S 3SO2 f +2H2OHS04+Fe(AI)室温下钝化 6H 2SO4 j农)+2Fe Fe 2(SO0 3+3SO2 f +6H2O2HO4( j农)+Cu CuSObSCh f +2H2O冷0浓)+2HBr=SO2 j +BR+2HQ (不能用浓硫酸与NaBr制取HBr)冷0/浓)+2HI=SO2 f +I2
21、+2H2O ( 不能用浓硫酸与Nel制取HI)HS04(稀)+Fe=FeSO4+H2 f+Fe=Fe2*+H2H4HSO3+2H2S=3S I +3H2O4HN0X 浓)+C CO2 f +4NO2 f +2H2O6HN0X 浓)+S H2SO4+6NO2 f +2HQ5HNO4 浓)+P H3PO4+5NO2 f +巴05HN0X 稀)+3P+2H2O 3HPO4+5NO f+5NO +3P+2H5H 2O 3H3PO4+5NO f36HNO4 浓足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+3NO2 f +3H2O3+,在Fe过量时再生成Fe2啲 4HNO4 浓)+Fe(足)=Fe(NO3) 2+NO2
22、f +2巴0(先得 Fe盐)4HN0* 稀足)+Fe=Fe(NO3)3+NO f +2HQ +NO+Fe=Fe3+NO f +2H 4H20330HN03+8Fe=8Fe(N03)3+3N20f +15H2O+6N0 +8Fe=8Fe3+3N30 H 20f +1520336HN03+10Fe=10Fe(N03) 3+3N2 f +18H2O.+6N0 +10Fe=8Fe3+3Nx+&ost工寸 Hor+x+dsx底棗 X) XH0+6QHHROf+丈+EOSH0“ HOL+UZ 寸工9 +HN+.CZ 寸;Nt QHco+EONfN+z(CON)uztdNH0L+uzt e0T9+ Jo H
23、OL+UZ寸 NJUZ寸H ON0t org+OZ+Z(ON)UZ 寸 H濮 dNHOL+uz 寸H oe 工 6+fNoo+ozl85zl8+ ONcot 0r6t0NrNe+(E0N) ZI8H 专 z!8toNH0co2H2SO3+O2=2H2SO4+S02H2SO3+O2MH4HSO3+H2Q=H2SO4+H2O+S02 +HSO3+H2Q=2H 2045HQO3+2KM nO 尸=2MnSpSO4+2H2SO4+3H2O5H2SO3+2MnO4 2O=2M*+4H+3SO2_+3HHSO3+2FeCI3+H2O=H2SO4+2FeCI2+2HCI3+H +2Fe2* +SO2-SO3
24、+2Fe 2O=4H3、酸性HSCH j农)+C&F2 CaSO4+2HF f (liSO4( j农)+N&CI NaHSCVHCI f (HSO4( j农)+2NaCI N82SO4+2HCI fHSCH 浓)+N&NO3 NaHSO4+HNO3 f3H2SO4(浓)+Ca3(PO4)2 3CaSO4+2H3PO4 2CaSO4+Ca(H2PO4)2 (工业制磷肥)3HNO3+Ag3PO4=H3PO4+3AgNO3十+Ag 3H3PO4=H3PO4+3Ag 2HNO3+CaCO3=Ca(NO3) 2+H2O+CO2 f*+CaCO 2.+H2H 3=Ca 2O+CO2 f(用HNCh和浓HS
25、Ch不能制备HS,不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸)不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸) 不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸) 不挥发性酸制取挥发性酸) 强酸制弱酸酸)20浓)+8护0小七碱K低价态的还原性:4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O=4Fe(OH3)2、与酸性物质的作用: 2N&0H+S 砂量)HN82SO3+H2OOH 2=SC)3 2。+S0 2+hNaOH+S尿)=NsHS03OH 2(足戶HSCh一+SO -2NaOH+SiO2=Na2SiO3+H2OOH 2=SiO3 2O+SiO 2-+h2NaOH+A) 3=2NaAIOH2O2OH _ Q=2AIO2 2O+AI +H+AI +H2K0H+CP =KCI
26、+KCIO+H2O2OCb+20H=CI +CIO +HNaOH+HCI=NaCKB+OH =H H20N&OH+用足)=NaHS+H2OOH 2S=HS Q+H _+H2NaOH+|l?M)=Na2S+2H2O2OH+H 2 +2H3NaOH+AICl=AI(OH)3 | +3NaCI3OH 3+=AI(OH)+AI+AINaOH+AI(OH)=NaAIO2+2H2OOH +AI(OH) 尸AIO2+2H(AICI 3和AI(OHh哪个酸性强?)20+2HCa(OH)2+2NH4CI 2CaCI 2+2NH3 f +2H2O (实验室制 NH0NaOH+N4Gfl NaCI+NH3 f +H
27、20Mg(OH)2+2NH4CI=MgClrfNH3 HO (AI(OH) 3+NHQI 不:容解)Ba(OH)2+H2SO4=BaSO4 J +2H2O+20H +B 护+S02 =BaSO2H 4 J 2H2O43、不稳定性:Mg(OH)2 MgO+H2O 2AI(0H) 3 Al 2Q+3HQ2Fe(OH)3 Fe2O3H20 Cu(OH) 2 C11O+H2O 2AgOH=Ag 2O+HQK氧化性:(在水溶液中)2FeCI3+Fe=3FeCl 2Fe2FeCI3+Cu=2FeCRCuCl2 (用于雕刻铜线路版)2Fe3*+Fe=3Fe2+3+Cu=2Fe2*+Cu2+2FeCls+Zn(少量)=2FeCl2+ZnCl2FeCI3+Ag=FeCl+AgCI |2Fe2Fe3*+Z
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