高考英语二轮复习讲义 阅读理解及训练07 科普知识.docx
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高考英语二轮复习讲义阅读理解及训练07科普知识
2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习讲义阅读理解及训练07科普知识
小试牛刀---------阅读理解
IthappenedtomerecentlythatIwastellingsomeonehowmuchIhadenjoyedreadingBarackObama’sDreamsFromMyFatherandhowithadchangedmyviewsofthecurrentUSPresident.ThepersonIwastalkingtoagreedwithmethatitwas,inhiswords,“awonderfullywrittenbook.”However,hethenproceededtotalkaboutMrObamainawaythatsuggestedhehadnoideaofhisbackgroundatall.IsensedthatIwastalkingtoabookliar.
Anditseemsthatheisnottheonlyone.Clearlytwothirdsofpeoplehaveliedaboutreadingabookwhichtheyhaven’t.InTheWorldBookDaysurvey,DreamsFromMyFatherisatnumber9.Thesurveyliststoptenbooks,andvariousauthors,whichpeoplehaveliedaboutreading.AsI’mnotonetolietoooften,I’lladmithereandnowthatIhaven’treadtheentiretenbooks.ButIampleasedtosaythatIhavereadthebookatnumberone,GeorgeOrwell’s1984.Ithinkit’sabsolutelyoutstanding.
Askedwhytheylied,themostmonreasonwastoimpresssomeonetheywerespeakingto.Thiscouldbedifficultiftheconversationbecamemorein-depth!
TheWorldBookDaysurveyalsohassomeotherinterestinginformationinit.ItshowsthatmanypeoplelieabouthavingreadclassicalworksbyJaneAusten,theBrontesisters,CharlesDickensandsoon.Butwhenaskedwhichauthorstheyactuallyenjoy,theynamedJKRowling,JillyCooper,andStephenKing(ah,thebigsellers,inotherwords).Forty-onepercentofpeopleaskedadmittedtheyturnedtothebackofthebooktoreadtheendbeforefinishingthestory.
Sowhichbookshaveyouliedaboutreading—ifany—andwhichisyourfavourite?
56.Themainreasonwhypeoplelieaboutreadingisto
A.makefunofthelistenerB.impressthelistener
C.pleasethelistenerD.interestthelistener
57.Theunderlinedword“proceeded”inthepassageprobablymeans“”
A.wantedB.happenedC.continuedD.stopped
58.WhatdoesTheWorldBookDaysurveyshow?
A.Nearlyhalfofthepeoplesurveryeddidn’treadthroughawholeclassicalbook.
B.Peopledon’tlikeDreamsFromMyFatherandGeorgeOrwell’s1984
C.FewpeoplelieabouthavingreadclassicalworksbyJaneAusten.
D.PeopleusuallyenjoyreadingbooksbyCharlesDickens.
59.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
A.AreYouABookLiar?
B.ReadersAreAllLiars
C.WorldBookDayD.DreamsFromMyFather,
56—59、BCAA
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【考点定位】xx考纲解读和近几年考点分布
高考对说明文的考查多为科普说明文,它是阅读理解重要内容,也是高考考查难点。
科普类“阅读理解”题愈来愈受到的青睐。而科普类文章往往具有跨学科、行文逻辑性强等特点,要求考生能从文章的整体逻辑以及重要细节上全面把握。
【试题特点】
①注重学科渗透,行文逻辑性强,内容抽象。
②贴近学生的学习、生活实际,有利于激发学生的思维,对选拔优秀考生有一定的作用。
③能全面地考查学生的综合阅读能力和运用所学知识去分析、解决实际问题的能力。
(4)科学方法图示判断题
科普说明文常出现科学方法图示判断题,这种试题或以生物依赖关系为命题题点,要求考生判断正确的生物依赖关系;或以工艺流程为命题题点,要求考生判断正确的流程顺序,或以生产方法为命题题点,要求考生判断正确的生产方法;或以机械配制为命题题点,要求考生判断正确的机械配制。
解题时一定要认真阅读分析原文对生物依赖关系、发明创造诞生过程和工艺流程过程的介绍,并且边读边画简易草图,以提高理解准确率。
分析备选项时应对照原文介绍情况,找出各图不同之处,以便最终做出正确判断。
【考点pk】名师考点透析
考点一、细节事实理解。
一篇文章必然是由许多具体的细节、具体的内容构成的,所有这些信息以某种顺序(时间、空间、情感变化等)排列起来,来进一步解释或阐释主题,体现文章的主旨大意。
细节理解题目主要考查学生对文章具体事实和细节的理解能力,属于表层理解题范畴,难度较小,但在整个阅读理解题中所占比例最大,细节理解题多从文章的某个具体事实或细节出发来设计题目。
此类题通常根据文章具体内容来设问,也常使用下列方式来提问
1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsis(not)true/correct?
2.Whichofthefollowingisnotmentioned?
3.Allofthefollowingaretrueexcept...
4.Accordingtothepassage,when/where/why/how/how/what/which,etc...?
1.直接事实题
在解答这类问题时要求学生抓住题干文字信息,采用针对性方法进行阅读,因为这类题的答案在文章中可以直接找到。
如:
AgiantdamwasbuiltmanyyearsagotocontroltheColoradoRiverintheU.S.Thisdamwasbuilttoprotectthelandandhousesaroundtheriver.
ThishugedamisintheBlackCanyon.Itispossibletodriveacarfromonesideoftherivertotheotheronaroad,whichisonthetopofthedam.Thisdamissobigthatthereisanelevatorinside.Theelevatorgoesdownforty-fourstoriesfromtheroadtothebottom.ThereisenoughconcreteinthisdamtobuildahighwayfromNewYorktoSanFrancisco.Thousandsofpeopleworkedonthisdamforfiveyears.
ThishugedamwascalledBoulderDamwhenitwasfinishedin1936.LateritwasrenamedHooverDaminhonorofapresidentoftheUnitedStates.HooverDam,oneofthehighestdamsintheworld,issituatedbetweenthestatesofArizonaandNevada.
Q:
HooverDamlies______.
A.betweenArizonaandNevada
B.intheBlackCanyon
C.betweenNewYorkandSanFrancisco
D.bothAandB
【解析】由第二段的第一句话和最后一段的最后一句话可得出正确答案是D项。
2.间接事实题
解答此类题,需要结合上下文提供的语境和信息进行简单的概括和判断或者要进行简单的计算。
InvitedbyMr.YeHuixian,hostofthewell-receivedTVprogramme“StarsTonight”,MissLuoLin,MissAsiaof1991,appearedastheguesthostessontheShanghaiTVscreenlastSunday.
BorninShanghaiandtakentoHongkongwhenshewasonlysixyearsold,LuoLinhasneverdreamedofbeingMissAsia.Herchildhooddreamwastobeanairhostess.Beforeshetookpartinthepetition,shehadbeenanairhostessinCathayAirlineforsevenyears.However,itstilltookherthreemonthstolearntheartofwalkingonthestage,dancing,singing,making-upandotherpropermanners,designedbytheAsiaTVStation.
“It’sreallyahardjobforme.Iwon’tenterforsuchpetitionanymore.Anyhow,Iamquitelucky.IamalsogladtohavehadmorechancetoworkforthesocialwelfaresinceIwonthetitle.Thistime,inShanghai,I’dlovetomakeadeepimpressiononmyTVaudience,”saidLuoLinwithasweetsmile.
Q:
WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue?
A.LuoLinisanativeofShanghai.
B.LuoLinmovedtoHongkongwithherparents.
C.LuoLinwonthetitleofMissAsiain1991.
D.AsiaTVStationhelpedLuoLintobeeMissAsia.
【解析】A、C和D项都可在原文找到答案,而B项原文所给的是:
takentoHongkong可判断不是movedtoHongkongwithherparents,因此选B。
3、数据推算。
IfyouregisterboththeVIEWqualificationcourseandtheForumatthesametime,youwillsave_______.
二、此类题的设问方式
1.Whatwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?
2.Whatdoesthesecondparagraphmainlydiscuss?
3.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
4.Themainpurposeofannouncingtheaboveeventsis__________.
考点三、推理推断。
推理题要求考生根据文章提供的事实和线索进行逻辑推理,推断出作者没有提到或者没有明说的事实或者可能发生的事实。
这类题旨在考查学生透过词语的字面意义去理解作者的言外之意或弦外之音的能力,属于深层理解题。
此类题的设问常常包括infer,imply,suggest,conclude等词,这类题的设问方式主要有:
1.WecaninferfromthePassagethat__________.
2.WhatcanbeinferredfromthePassage?
3.WhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthePassage?
4.ItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that__________.
5.Theauthorsuggestsinthisparagraphthat__________.
6.Thewriterimpliesthat__________.
7.Itcanbeinferredthat__________.
8.ItcanbeconcludedfromthePassagethat__________.
9.Onthewhole,wecanconcludethat__________.
10.Fromthetextwecanconcludethat__________.
11.AfterreadingthePassagewemayconcludethat__________.
12.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromthePassage?
13.Theauthorisinclinedtothinkthat__________.
14.Whenthewritertalksabout,whathereallymeansisthat__________.
15.What’sthewriter’sattitude/feelingtowards...?
16.Inthewriter’sopinion,...
考点四、词义、句义猜测。
词义猜测阅读理解题考查对文中关键词语的理解。
在阅读理解题中,所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上,要根据语境来判断。
此类题的设问方式主要有
1.Theword“...”inLine...means/canbereplacedby...
2.Asusedinthepassage,thephrase“...”suggests...
3.Fromthepassage,wecaninferthattheword/phrase“...”is/referredto...
4.Theword“...”isclosestinmeaningto...猜词是应用英语的重要能力,也是高考中常用的题型。
它不但需要准确无误地理解上下文,而且要有较大的泛读量,掌握或认识较多的课外词汇。
我们要学会“顺藤摸瓜”,通过构词、语法、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、上下文等线索确定词义。
1.定义法。
如:
Annealingisawayofmakingmetalsofterbyheatingitandthenlettingitcoolveryslowly.
句子给予annealing以明确的定义,即“退火”。
Itwillbeveryhardbutalsoverybrittle—thatis,itwillbreakeasily.
从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。
Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.
定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为“牧人”。
2.同位法。
如:
Theytraveledalongwayandatlastgottoacastle,alargebuildinginoldtimes.
同位语部分alargebuildinginoldtimes给出了castle的确切词义,即“城堡”。
Weareonthenightshift—frommidnightto8a.m.—thisweek.
两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是“夜班”的意思。
3.对比法。
如:
Sheisusuallypromptforallherclass,buttodayshearrivedinthemiddleofherfirstclass.
but一词表转折,因此but前后的意思正相反。
后半句的意思是“她今天第一节上了一半才来”,因此反向推理,可得出她平时一向“准时”的结论。
4.构词法(前缀、后缀、复合、派生等)。
如:
Perhaps,wecanseesomepossibilitiesfornextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?
possibility是possible的同根名词,据此可以判断定possibility意思是“可能性”。
5.因果法。
如:
Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.
从后面的结果“永远不能再运动”中,可以推测permanent的意思为“永远的,永久”。
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2019-2020年高考英语二轮复习讲义阅读理解及训练08科普知识
小试牛刀---------阅读理解
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