托福阅读TPO6完整原文文本+答案.docx

托福阅读TPO6完整原文文本+答案.docx

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托福阅读TPO6完整原文文本+答案

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　　PoweringtheIndustrialRevolution

　　InBritainoneofthemostdramaticchangesoftheIndustrialRevolution

　　wastheharnessingofpower.UntilthereignofGeorgeⅢ（1760-1820）,available

　　sourcesofpowerforworkandtravelhadnotincreasedsincetheMiddleAges.

　　Therewerethreesourcesofpower:

animalorhumanmuscles;thewind,operating

　　onsailorwindmill;andrunningwater.Onlythelastofthesewassuitedatall

　　tothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthoughwaterpoweraboundedin

　　LancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellastextilemills,ithadone

　　greatdisadvantage:

streamsflowedwherenatureintendedthemto,and

　　water-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbankswhetherornotthe

　　locationwasdesirableforotherreasons.Furthermore,eventhemostreliable

　　waterpowervariedwiththeseasonsanddisappearedinadrought.Thenewageof

　　machinery,inshort,couldnothavebeenbornwithoutanewsourceofboth

　　movableandconstantpower.

　　Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited.Earlyintheeighteenth

　　century,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraisedapistonina

　　cylinder,andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthesteam

　　condensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.This“atmosphericengine,”

　　inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner,ThomasNewcomen,

　　embodiedrevolutionaryprinciples,butitwassoslowandwastefuloffuelthat

　　itcouldnotbeemployedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned.

　　Inthe1760s,JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam,sothat

　　thecylinderdidnothavetobecooledateverystroke;thenhedevisedawayto

　　makethepistonturnawheelandthusconvertreciprocating（backandforth）

　　motionintorotarymotion.Hetherebytransformedaninefficientpumpoflimited

　　useintoasteamengineofathousanduses.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwas

　　introducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforward,

　　therebyincreasingthespeedoftheengineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.

　　Watt'ssteamenginesoonshowedwhatitcoulddo.Itliberatedindustry

　　fromdependenceonrunningwater.Theengineeliminatedwaterintheminesby

　　drivingefficientpumps,whichmadepossibledeeperanddeepermining.Theready

　　availabilityofcoalinspiredWilliamMurdochduringthe1790stodevelopthe

　　firstnewformofnighttimeilluminationtobediscoveredinamillenniumanda

　　half.Coalgasrivaledsmokyoillampsandflickeringcandles,andearlyinthe

　　newcentury,well-to-doLondonersgrewaccustomedtogaslithousesandeven

　　streets.Ironmanufacturers,whichhadstarvedforfuelwhiledependingon

　　charcoal,alsobenefitedfromever-increasingsuppliesofcoal:

blastfurnaces

　　withsteam-poweredbellowsturnedoutmoreironandsteelforthenewmachinery.

　　SteambecamethemotiveforceoftheIndustrialRevolutionascoalandironore

　　weretherawmaterials.

　　By1800morethanathousandsteamengineswereinuseintheBritish

　　Isles,andBritainretainedavirtualmonopolyonsteamengineproductionuntil

　　the1830s.Steampowerdidnotmerelyspincottonandrolliron;earlyinthe

　　newcentury,italsomultipliedtentimesovertheamountofpaperthatasingle

　　workercouldproduceinaday.Atthesametime,operatorsofthefirstprinting

　　pressesrunbysteamratherthanbyhandfounditpossibletoproduceathousand

　　pagesinanhourratherthanthirty.Steamalsopromisedtoeliminatea

　　transportationproblemnotfullysolvedbyeithercanalboatsorturnpikes.

　　Boatscouldcarryheavyweights,butcanalscouldnotcrosshillyterrain;

　　turnpikescouldcrossthehills,buttheroadbedscouldnotstandupundergreat

　　weights.Theseproblemsneededstillanothersolution,andtheingredientsfor

　　itlaycloseathand.Insomeindustrialregions,heavilyladenwagons,with

　　flangedwheels,werebeinghauledbyhorsesalongmetalrails;andthe

　　stationarysteamenginewaspuffinginthefactoryandmine.Anothergeneration

　　passedbeforeinventorssucceededincombiningtheseingredients,byputtingthe

　　engineonwheelsandthewheelsontherails,soastoprovideamachinetotake

　　theplaceofthehorse.Thustherailroadagesprangfromwhathadalready

　　happenedintheeighteenthcentury.

　　Paragraph1:

InBritainoneofthemostdramaticchangesoftheIndustrial

　　Revolutionwastheharnessingofpower.UntilthereignofGeorgeⅢ（1760-1820）,

　　availablesourcesofpowerforworkandtravelhadnotincreasedsincethe

　　MiddleAges.Therewerethreesourcesofpower:

animalorhumanmuscles;the

　　wind,operatingonsailorwindmill;andrunningwater.Onlythelastofthese

　　wassuitedatalltothecontinuousoperatingofmachines,andalthough

　　waterpoweraboundedinLancashireandScotlandandrangrainmillsaswellas

　　textilemills,ithadonegreatdisadvantage:

streamsflowedwherenature

　　intendedthemto,andwater-drivenfactorieshadtobelocatedontheirbanks

　　whetherornotthelocationwasdesirableforotherreasons.Furthermore,even

　　themostreliablewaterpowervariedwiththeseasonsanddisappearedina

　　drought.Thenewageofmachinery,inshort,couldnothavebeenbornwithouta

　　newsourceofbothmovableandconstantpower.

　　Paragraph2:

Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited.Earlyinthe

　　eighteenthcentury,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraiseda

　　pistoninacylinder,andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthe

　　steamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.This“atmosphericengine,”

　　inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner,ThomasNewcomen,

　　embodiedrevolutionaryprinciples,butitwassoslowandwastefuloffuelthat

　　itcouldnotbeemployedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned.

　　Inthe1760s,JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam,sothat

　　thecylinderdidnothavetobecooledateverystroke;thenhedevisedawayto

　　makethepistonturnawheelandthusconvertreciprocating（backandforth）

　　motionintorotarymotion.Hetherebytransformedaninefficientpumpoflimited

　　useintoasteamengineofathousanduses.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwas

　　introducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforward,

　　therebyincreasingthespeedoftheengineandcuttingitsfuelconsumption.

　　1.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationin

　　thehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?

Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaningin

　　importantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

　　○Runningwaterwasthebestpowersourceforfactoriessinceitcouldkeep

　　machinesoperatingcontinuously,butsinceitwasabundantonlyinLancashire

　　andScotland,mostmillsandfactoriesthatwerelocatedelsewherecouldnotbe

　　waterdriven.

　　○Thedisadvantageofusingwaterpoweristhatstreamsdonotnecessarily

　　flowinplacesthatarethemostsuitableforfactories,whichexplainswhyso

　　manywater-poweredgrainandtextilemillswerelocatedinundesirable

　　places.

　　○Sincemachinescouldbeoperatedcontinuouslyonlywhererunningwater

　　wasabundant,grainandtextilemills,aswellasotherfactories,tendedtobe

　　locatedonlyinLancashireandScotland.

　　○Runningwaterwastheonlysourceofpowerthatwassuitableforthe

　　continuousoperationofmachines,buttomakeuseofit,factorieshadtobe

　　locatedwherethewaterwas,regardlessofwhethersuchlocationsmadesense

　　otherwise.

　　2.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestherelationofparagraph2to

　　paragraph1?

　　○Paragraph2showshowtheproblemdiscussedinparagraph1arose.

　　○Paragraph2explainshowtheproblempresentedinparagraph1cametobe

　　solved.

　　○Paragraph2providesamoretechnicaldiscussionoftheproblemintroduced

　　inparagraph1.

　　○Paragraph2showswhytheproblemdiscussedinparagraph1wasespecially

　　importanttosolve.

　　3.Theword“exploited”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

　　○utilized

　　○recognized

　　○examined

　　○fullyunderstood

　　4.Theword“vastly”inthepassageisclosetinmeaningto

　　○quickly

　　○ultimately

　　○greatly

　　○initially

　　5.Accordingtoparagraph2,the“atmosphericengine”wasslowbecause

　　○ithadbeendesignedtobeusedincoalmines

　　○thecylinderhadtocoolbetweeneachstroke

　　○itmadeuseofexpandingsteamtoraisethepistoninitscylinder

　　○itcouldbeoperatedonlywhenalargesupplyoffuelwasavailable

　　Paragraph2:

Thesourcehadlongbeenknownbutnotexploited.Earlyinthe

　　eighteenthcentury,apumphadcomeintouseinwhichexpandingsteamraiseda

　　pistoninacylinder,andatmosphericpressurebroughtitdownagainwhenthe

　　steamcondensedinsidethecylindertoformavacuum.This“atmosphericengine,”

　　inventedbyThomasSaveryandvastlyimprovedbyhispartner,ThomasNewcomen,

　　embodiedrevolutionaryprinciples,butitwassoslowandwastefuloffuelthat

　　itcouldnotbeemployedoutsidethecoalminesforwhichithadbeendesigned.

　　Inthe1760s,JamesWattperfectedaseparatecondenserforthesteam,sothat

　　thecylinderdidnothavetobecooledateverystroke;thenhedevisedawayto

　　makethepistonturnawheelandthusconvertreciprocating（backandforth）

　　motionintorotarymotion.Hetherebytransformedaninefficientpumpoflimited

　　useintoasteamengineofathousanduses.Thefinalstepcamewhensteamwas

　　introducedintothecylindertodrivethepistonbackwardaswellasforward,

　　t