四级辅导写作讲义.docx

四级辅导写作讲义.docx

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四级辅导写作讲义

评分标准：

（语言，内容）

1．内容要切题,统一：

写作内容要围绕题目规定的话题展开。

提纲式作文要求根据提纲规定的内容和范围展开段落，不能按照自己的思路发挥。

且一个段落或一篇文章只有一个中心观点，其他各句，各段均围绕这一中心观点展开描写或论述，否则会留下思路混乱的印象。

2．语篇连贯：

层次分明，条理清楚。

上下文之间，词与词之间，句与句之间要上下连贯，前后呼应，这样文章结构才会严谨，思路清晰，有条理。

注意连词，衔接词，指示代词的运用，过度词使文章自然流畅以防生硬。

3．语言准确：

用词和语法的准确性。

无重大语法错误，如：

时态不一致，主谓数不一致，用词不当等。

4．句式多样性：

为避免句型的单调，增加句式的多样性和语言的表现力，在文章中应使用不同结构，不同类型，不同长短的句子，如：

简单句，复杂句，倒装句，排比句，感叹句等。

如何提高写作水平？

选词

存在的问题

**喜欢用老生常谈的词汇如：

喜欢like,enjoy,prefer,love;不能做什么can’tdo,failtodo,unabletodo

1.good:

positive（effect）,favorable（impression）,promising（有希望的future），perfect,pleasant（weather）,excellent,outstanding,superior（to）

2.bad:

dreadful,unfavorable,poor,adverse,ill（有害的），lessimpressive

eg.Anarmyofcollegestudentsindulgethemselvesinplayinggames,enjoyingromancewithgirls/boysorkillingtimepassivelyintheirdorms.Whenitapproachestograduation,asaresult,theyfindtheiracademicrecordsarelessimpressive.

3.many:

（anarmyof,anoceanof,aseaof,amultitudeof,ahostof,）

4.some:

 asliceof,quietafew,several

5.think:

harbortheideathat,taketheattitudethat,holdtheviewthat,itiswidelysharedthat,itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat）

6.inmyopinion:

formypart,frommyownperspective

7.frownonsth替换beagainst,disagreewithsth

8.getmanybenefits:

reaphugefruits

9.moreandmore:

Increasing（ly）,growing修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.Eg.sthhasgainedgrowingpopularity.Sthisincreasinglypopularwiththeadvancementofsth.

10.Helpful:

beneficial,rewarding

11.Customer:

shopper,consumer,purchaser

12.Very:

exceedingly,extremely,intensely

13.attractone'sattention:

captureone'sattentionpourattentioninto替换payattentionto

14.cause:

giveriseto,leadto,resultin,trigger

15.reasonsforsth:

Thereareseveralreasonsbehindsth

16.Want:

desire

17.Remember:

bearinmindthat

18.Have:

enjoy（highsocialstatus/salary）

19.Should:

beexpectedto;besupposedto;It’simperativeforsbtodo

**喜欢用汉语式的思维来对译英语词汇，忽视其内涵，如：

Iambadingrammarandvocabulary（bad---poor）

Iwanttohearthemusic（hear---listento）

Ifyoumeetsometrouble,youcanlookforthepoliceman.（turnto）

Ifyouhavenomoneytospend,youcanaskfromyourparentsandfriends（asksbforsth）

Disadvantagesaremorethanadvantages（outweigh）

选词标准

1．用熟悉的词，不用生僻，把握不准的词e.g.home,house,habitation;stop,pause,cessation

2．用简洁的词代替短语，句子For,forthepurposeof;aftergraduation,aftershehadgraduated

3．用具体词代替抽象词,尽量用小词不用大词或华丽的辞藻，让事实说话，避免空洞e.g.Chinaisabigcountry.ItgasalargepopulationandChinesepeopleareverygood.---ThetotalareaofChinaisover9.6millionsquaremeters.Ithasapopulationofabout1.4billionandChinesepeopleareverykind/warm-hearted/honest/selfless/friendly/amiable

4．用词应多样话，尽量多用近义词，同义词，反义词给文章增色，使用人称代词，指示代词来代替上文提到的人或事，使文章更加紧凑简洁，避免重复。

5．尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段。

如使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点。

多用名词，介词词组：

itisofgreatimportance/help/use/significance替代itisveryimportant/significant/helpful/useful

造句

存在的问题

1．句子罗嗦冗长，重复表达，不简洁。

Inmyopinion,IthinkthatmanyfamilieshavethemoneytobuyaTVset.

----IthinkthatanyfamiliescanaffordaTVset.

2．句式变化少，多简单句，主动语态和陈述句

First,Igototheclass.Iamabsorbedinmylesson.Itakenotes.Thus,Iwillpasstheexamination.Second,Igotothelibrary.ForIamnotsatisfiedwithwhatIhavelearnedintheclass.Imustgotothelibrarytoenrichmyknowledge.

---First,IgototheclassroomwhereIamabsorbedinmylessonbytakingnotesinordertopasstheexamination.Second,libraryisagoodplacetoenrichmyknowledge,forI’mnotsatisfiedwithwhatI’velearned.

3．句子语法结构错误多

Americanpeoplearepatrioticandlovetomeetchallenge.（andaggressive）

Englishisausefullanguage,shedecides.tolearnit.

---Englishissousefulalanguagethatshedecidestolearnit.

有效句的标准特点

1．完整性（语义不完整）

e.g.Dofuwasoneofthegreatestpoets.---…oftheTangPeriod.

Sheistooyoung.Becauseitisuseful.

2．连贯性（句中的成分间具有合乎逻辑的有机联系，思路清晰）

平行结构有缺点

Wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandaverycapableyoungwoman.

代词指代不清

Hewasknockeddownbyabike,butitwasnotserious.（butwasnotbadlyhurt.）

I’mgoingtothelectureonmodernChinesedrama,becausehe’sadramatistIlike.（thespeaker）

修饰语与被修饰语间的关系不明确

Togetupearly,theclockwassetatsix.（hesettheclockatsix）

Althoughseriouslyill,thebossmadeherworktenhoursaday.（shehadtowork）

Hegiveareasonfornotattendingthemeeting,whichnobodybelieve.（,areasonwhichnobodybelieved.）

人称，数时态有混乱之处

Animportantthingforthestudenttorememberisthatwhenwritingapaper,youshouldnotplagiarize.（he）

Hisjobwasapoliceman（hewasapoliceman）

3．精练性

Itwasblueincolor,andsmallinsize.（Itwasblueandsmall）

HereturnedintheearlypartofthemonthofAugust.（inearlyAugust）

MrSmithusuallylikestodrinkallkindsofwinesthatareproducedinFrance.（MrSmithpreferswinesproducedinFrance/Frenchwines）

4．强调性（突出重心，层次感）

Theywerewaitingforthemeetingtobegin.Theytalkedwitheachother.Theytalkedaboutthewomen’svolleyballteam.TheteamhadwonvictoriesinTokyo.

=Whilewaitingforthemeetingtobegin,theytalkedaboutthevictorywonbythewomen’s…inTokyo.

Liisanewstudent.Hecomesfromasouthernprovince.Hespeaksadialect.Wefindithardtounderstandhisdialect.

=Li,anewstudentfroma…,speaksadialectwhichisdifficultforustounderstand.

5．句式多样化（好文章的基本要求，为使其更具吸引力，避免全文用结构相同长度相近的句子，否则文章显得单调，呆板，说服力不强）

句子多样化的手段

1）改变句子结构粗心驾驶易引起车祸

Trafficaccidentsareinvitedbycarelessdriving

Carelessdrivinginvitestrafficaccidents.

Foranyonetodrivecarelesslyistoinvitethetrafficaccidents.

Thefactthatyoudrivecarelesslyinvitestrafficaccidents.

Drivingcarelesslyinvitestrafficaccidents.

Trafficaccidentsarewhatcarelessdrivinginvites.

Anyonewhodrivescarelesslyistoinvitetrafficaccidents.

2）改变句子长度

Americaisanewcountry.It’sanationofnations.Peoplefromallovertheworldexplodedanddevelopedthisnewcountry.Everyoneisconsideredequal.Theymakeanamethroughhardwork.It’saclasslesssociety.Afarmer’ssoncanworkhiswayuptobeapresident.==

Explodedanddevelopedbythepeoplefromallovertheworld,Americaisanewcountry,anationofnations,aclasslesssocietywhereeveryoneisconsideredequal,everyonecanmakeanamethroughhardwork,evenafarmer’ssoncanworkhiswayuptobeapresident.

3）改变句子主语

I’msoangrythatIcan’tutteraword.=angerchokedmywords.

Istudiedinacollegein1991.==1991found（witness,saw）mestudyinginacollege.

ThereisagreatchangeinChinain2008.

Wecouldn’tgooutbecauseofheavyrain.==Heavyrainpreventedusfromgoingout.

Itoftenmeansademandingjobtolearnanewlanguage.==learninganewlanguageoftenmeansademandingjob.

Wearestillnotclearwithwhattheteachertaughtlasttime.==Whattheteachertaughtlasttimeisstillnotverycleartous.

4）改变句子开头

以分词开头e.g.wakingupinthemorning,Idressedquickly.

以不定式开头e.g.Towinthematch,thevolleyballplayerspracticedveryhard.

以形容词开头e.g.Intelligentandhardworking,thegirlpassedthetest.

以副词开头e.g.Finally,thetimefordecisionhadcome.

以同位语开头e.g.Anexpertinforestforecontrol,theforestrangertalkedtothecampersaboutsafetyinthewoods.

以状语从句开头e.g.Whenhewasfour,hebegantotakemusiclessonsfromhismother.

5）适当使用修辞，如倒装，强调，加强语气，渲染气氛。

Exercises:

Thepioneerwasstrongandhealthyandlivedtobe112yearsold.（adj）

Tombeganhistravelsataveryearlyageandhadmanyunusualandcolorfuladventures.（participles）

Hekeptsilentwhenweaskedhimabouthisfamily（participle）

Wewereabsorbedinworkandforgotourlunch.（participle）

SentenceCombiningExercises

**1.Hedidn’twritetheletterhimself.Heaskedhisfriendtodoit.

===Insteadofwritingtheletterhimself,heaskedhisfriendtodoit.

2.Dogsareableandwillingtolearnawidevarietyoftasks.Theyareintelligentanddevotedtotheirowners.===Dogsareableandwillingtolearnawidevarietyoftasksbecauseoftheirintelligenceanddevotiontotheirowners.

3.Fordproducescheapercars.FordalsosuppliesAmericanswithbetteronesyearafteryear.

===Besidesproducingcheapercars,FordalsosuppliesAmericanswithbetteronesyearafteryear.

4.JohnSmithplantedthesedwarfappletreesthreeyearsago.Theyhavenotbornanyfruit.

===Thesedwarfappletrees,whichJohnSmithplantedthreeyearsago,havenotbornanyfruit.

5.Thetallhedgemuffledthehighwaynoise.Thehousewassurroundedbythehedge.

===Thetallhedgethatsurroundedthehousemuffledthehighwaynoise.

6.Heaskedtoreadtheinstructionbookoncemore.Hefeltsurethathewasusingtheinstrumentimproperly===Heaskedtoreadtheinstructionbookoncemore,feelingsurethathewasusingtheinstrumentimproperly

7.Iapproachedtheisland.Inoticedarowofnewlybuilthouses.

===Approachingtheisland,Inoticedarowofnewlybuilthouses.

8.Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterday.Itriedtofindagaragetorepairmycar.

===Ispentalmosttwohoursonthephoneyesterdaytryingtofindagaragetorepairmycar.

9.Beijingisabeautifulcity.Thecityisfilledwithflowersandtrees.ThecityremindsusofourhomeonProvo,Utah,intheheartofRockyMountains.

===Beijing,abeautifulcityfilledwithflowersandtrees,remindsusofourhomeonProvo,Utah,intheheartofRockyMountains.

10.Hewasaneven-temperedman.Hewasneverthelessextremelyangrywhenheheardthenews.

===Aneven-temperedman,hewasneverthelessextremelyangrywhenheheardthenews.

11.Thechildrenwatchedthebus