语言C概论笔记15章.docx

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语言C概论笔记15章.docx

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语言C概论笔记15章.docx

语言C概论笔记15章

Chapter1

Prescriptive（规范的）----laydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage（traditionalgrammar）

Descriptive（描述性的）----describe/analyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse（modernlinguistic）

Synchronic（同步的）study----descriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory（modernlinguistics）

Diachronic（历时的）study----descriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime（studieshistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime）

Langue（语言）----thesetofconventionsandruleswhichlanguageusersallhavetoabideby;abstract;doesn'tchangefrequently.

Parole（言语）----theconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules;concrete;variesfrompersontoperson,fromsituationtosituation.

Saussure（索绪尔）thinksthatparoleissimplyamassoflinguisticfactsforsystematicinvestigation,whatlinguistsshoulddoistoabstractlanguefromparole.

Saussuretakesasociologicalviewoflanguageandhisnotionoflangueisamatterofsocialconventions.

Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage

Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication

Chomskythinksthatwhatlinguistsshouldstudyistheidealspeaker'scompetence,nothisperformance.

Chomskylooksatlanguagefromapsychologicalpointofviewandtohimcompetenceisapropertyofthemindofeachindividual.

必考：

Chomsky的语言学来源：

philosophy,mathematics,psychology

Language:

Languageisasystem,systematic（系统的）e.g."iblk"isnotapossiblecombined./"Beenhewoundedhas"isnotagrammaticallyacceptedsentence.

Languageisarbitrary（任意的）：

nointrinsicconnectionbetweenthewordandthethingitdenotes,e.g.“pen”byanyothernameisthethingweusetowritewith./"Arosebyanyothernamewouldsmellassweet."

Languageisprimarilyvocal.

Languageishuman-specific（人类特有的）.

Arbitrariness（任意）：

nologicalconnectionbetweensoundsandmeanings.

Productivity（生产力）/creativity（创造力）：

peculiar（特权）tohumanlanguages，usersoflanguagecanunderstandandproducesentencestheyhaveneverheardbefore,e.g.wecanunderstandsentencelike“Ared-eyedelephantisdancingonthehotelbed”,thoughitdoesnotdescribeacommonhappeningintheworld.

Duality（doublearticulation）：

Lowerlevel----sounds（meaningless）

Higherlevel----meaning（largerunitsofmeaning）

Displacement（取代）：

providesspeakerswithanopportunitytotalkaboutawiderangeofthings,freefrombarrierscausedbyseparationintimeorplace.（不受时空、地理的局限）

Chapter2Phonology音位学

2.1Thephonicmediumoflanguage

2.2Phonetics语音学

1.whatisphonetics

isdefinedasthestudyofthephonicmediumoflanguage

isconcernedwithallthesoundsthatoccurintheworld’slanguages

studiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription,e.g.[p]bilabial,stop.

Threebranchesofphonetics

Articulatoryphonetics发音语音学----fromthespeakers’pointofview,“howspeakersproducespeechsounds”

Auditoryphonetics听觉语音学----fromthehearers’pointofview,“howsoundsareperceived”

Acousticphonetics声学语音学----fromthephysicalwayormeansbywhichsoundsaretransmittedfromonetoanother

2.Speechorgans

threeimportantareas:

Pharyngealcavity咽腔----thethroat;

Oralcavity口腔----themouth;

Nasalcavity鼻腔----thenose.

认识、了解

1.Lips唇

2.Teeth

3.Teethridge（alveolus）牙槽

4.Hardpalate硬腭

5.Softpalate（velum）软腭

6.Uvula小舌

7.Tipoftongue舌尖

8.Bladeoftongue舌面

9.Backoftongue舌根

10.Vocalcords声带

11.Pharyngealcavity咽腔

12.Nasalcavity鼻腔

3.Orthographic拼写正确的，正字法representationofspeechsounds

InternationalPhoneticAlphabet（IPA）国际音标

区分两者（选择题）

Broadtranscription----usedindictionaryandtextbookforgeneralpurpose,withoutdiacritics,e.g.clear[l],[pit]

Narrowtranscription----usedbyphoneticianforcarefulstudy,withdiacritics,e.g.dark[l],aspirated[p]

Somemajorarticulatoryvariables

•Voicing----voiced&voiceless浊化音清音

•Nasality----nasal&non-nasal鼻音

•Aspiration-----aspirated&unaspirated送气音不送气音

4.ClassificationofEnglishspeechsounds

考点：

元/辅音的划分表记住

Vowels元音Consonants辅音

（书无了解一下Theessentialdifferencebetweenthesetwoclassesisthatintheproductionoftheformertheairstreammeetswithnoobstructionofanykindinthethroat,thenoseorthemouth,whileinthatofthelatteritissomehowobstructed.）

重点Classificationofconsonants辅音的分类

根据发音方式themannerofarticulation

•爆破音stops/plosives:

[p],[b],[t],[d],[k],[g];

•膜擦音fricatives:

[f],[v],[s],[z],[W],[T],[F],[V],[h];

•塞擦音affricates:

[tF],[dV];

•liquids:

[l]（lateral）,[r];

•鼻音nasals:

[m],[n],[N];

•glides/semivowels:

[w],[j].

根据发音位置theplaceofarticulation

•双唇音bilabial:

[p],[b],[m],[w];

•唇齿音labiodental:

[f],[v];

•齿音dental:

[W],[T];

•齿龈音alveolar:

[t],[d],[s],[z],[n],[l],[r];

•舌面中音palatal:

[F],[V],[tF],[dV],[j];

•软腭音velar:

[k],[g],[N];

•声门的glottal:

[h].喉音

Place

manner

Voicing

Bilabial

Labio-dental

Dental

Alveolar

Palatal

Velar

Glottal

Stopsorplosives

[p]

[t]

[k]

[b]

[d]

[g]

Frica-tives

[f]

[W]

[s]

[F]

[h]

[v]

[T]

[z]

[V]

Affri-

cates

（[tF]）

[tF]

（[dV]）

[dV]

Nasals

[m]

[n]

[N]

Liquids

[l],[r]

Glides

[w]

[j]

重点Classificationofvowels元音的分类

•Monophthongsorpure/singlevowels单元音

•Diphthongsorglidingvowels双元音[ei],[ai],[aU],[EU],[Ri],[iE],[ZE],[UE].

单元音前高→后高

前低→后低

A3rdcriterionAccordingtotheshapeofthelipsorthedegreeofliprounding

•圆唇rounded:

[u:

],[u],[C:

],[C];

•非圆唇unrounded:

[I:

],[I],[e],[Z],[A],[B],[E:

],[E],[Q],[B:

练习划线

•Africativepayhorsetoughricebreathpushsingwreathehangcavemessage

•Anasaltrainbangleaflimb

•Astopdrillpipefitcrabfogridelaughrackthroughtip

•Anaffricate:

racksuchridgebooze

•Acentralvowel:

madlotbutbootword

•Afrontvowel:

reedpadloadfatebitbedcook

•Aroundedvowel:

whohebusherhitbossbarwalk

•Abackvowel:

paidreapfooltopgoodfather

vd/vlplacemanner

●Letter

●Brother

●Sunny

●Hopper

●Itching

●Lodger

●Calling

●Singing

●Robber

●either

2.Phonology音位学

•（Phonologystudiesthepatterningofspeechsounds,thatis,thewaysinwhichspeechsoundsformsystemsandpatternsinhumanlanguages.）

解答题Phone音素,phoneme音位,allophone音位变体

Aphoneme----isaphonologicalunit;itisaunitofdistinctivevalue;anabstractunit,notaparticularsound,butitisrepresentedbyacertainphoneincertainphoneticcontext,e.g.thephoneme/p/canberepresenteddifferentlyin.

如peak和speak，top和stop中p，t的发音。

要会分析

Pinthewordpeakisanaspiratedp.送气音

Pinthewordspeakisanunaspiratedp.不送气音

Sisanfricative膜擦音，另外，同化规则，爆破，但不能写浊化

Allophones----thephonesthatcanrepresentaphonemeindifferentphoneticenvironments.

Phonemiccontrast----differentordistinctivephonemesareinphonemiccontrast,e.g./b/and/p/in[bIt]and[pIt].

要用音位学解释综合题：

互补分配Complementarydistribution----allophonesofthesamephonemeareincomplementarydistribution.Theydonotdistinguishmeaning.Theyoccurindifferentphoneticcontexts,e.g.dark[l]&clear[l],aspirated[p]&unaspirated[p].还有neither

Minimalpair----whentwodifferentformsareidentical（thesame）ineverywayexceptforonesoundsegment部分whichoccursinthesameplaceinthestrings,thetwosoundcombinationsaresaidtoformaminimalpair,e.g.beat,bit,bet,bat,boot,but,bait,bite,boat.

Somerulesofphonology

•序列规则Sequentialrules----therulesthatgovernthecombinationofsoundsinaparticularlanguage,e.g.inEnglish,“kbiI”mightpossiblyformblik,klib,bilk,kilb.

•Ifawordbeginswitha[l]ora[r],thenthenextsoundmustbeavowel.

•Ifthreeconsonantsshouldclustertogetheratthebeginningofaword,thecombinationshouldobeythefollowingthreerules,e.g.spring,strict,square,splendid,scream.

a） thefirstphonememustbe/s/,

b） thesecondphonememustbe/p/or/t/or/k/,

c） thethirdphonememustbe/l/or/r/or/w/.

重要：

同化规则Assimilationrule----assimilatesonesoundtoanotherby“copying”afeatureofasequentialphoneme,thusmakingthetwophonessimilar,e.g.theprefixinispronounceddifferentlywhenindifferentphoneticcontexts:

•indiscreetalveolar[In]

•inconceivablevelar[IN]

•inputbilabial[Im]

•Deletionrule----ittellsuswhenasoundistobedeletedalthoughitisorthographicallyrepresented,e.g.design,paradigm,thereisno[g]sound;butthe[g]soundispronounced

intheircorrespondingformssignature,designation,paradigmatic.

Suprasegmentalfeatures----thephonemicfeatures因素特征thatoccurabovethelevelofthesegments（largerthanphoneme）:

thesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalfeatures超音段特征includestress,intonation,andtone.

Stress：

wordstress，sentencestress

Wordstress:

ThelocationofstressinEnglishdistinguishesmeaning,e.g.ashiftinstressinEnglishmaychangethepartofspeechofaword:

import,increase,rebel,restore,record.

Similaralterationofstressalsooccursbetweenacompoundnounandaphraseconsistingofthesameelements:

greenhouse,blackbird,hot-dog.

Themeaning-distinctiveroleplayedbywordstressisalsomanifestedinthecombinationsof-ingformsandnouns:

dining-room;reading-room.

Sentencestress:

therelativeforcegiventothecomponentsofasentence.Generally,nouns,mainverbs,adjectives,adverbs,numeralsanddemonstrativepronounsarestressed.Othercategorieslikearticles,personpronouns,auxiliaryverbspreposi

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