上海高中宾语从句和表语从句专题讲义.docx
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上海高中宾语从句和表语从句专题讲义
宾语从句与表语从句
一、名词性从句综述
名词性从句:
在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词性从句(NounClauses)。
1)名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组,它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语。
2)因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
主语从句Whathewantstotellusisnotclear.
宾语从句HehastoldmethathewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.
名词性从句表语从句Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.
同位语从句Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.
1.这里重点强调一下同位语从句,顾名思义,所谓同位语从句就是一个句子与主句中某一个名词互为同位语!
那么什么是同位语呢,很简单就是相同地位,相同成分,平起平坐,A(名词)=B(从句),B(从句)=A(名词),去掉任何一部分(A/B)对整个句子都不影响。
2.而且与从句互为同位语的名词一般为抽象名词,例如:
advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。
二、引导名词性从句的连接词
1.引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类:
1.连词:
that(无任何词意)whether,if(均表示“是否”)asif,asthough(均表示“好像”,“似乎”)以上在从句中均不充当任何成分
2.连接代词:
what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whose,whichever,whomever
3.连接副词:
when,where,how,why,howmany,howmuch,howoften
2.连接词的判定:
根据连接词在从句中所做的不同的成分,我们可以归纳如下:
人物
主语:
whowhat
宾语:
whomwhat
名词性从句表语:
whomwhat
定语:
whichwhatwhose
状语:
whenwherewhyhow(howmany,howmuch,howoften)
不做成份:
thatif/whetherasif/asthough
【知识梳理1】宾语从句
(一)宾语从句简介
用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。
宾语从句可以由从属连词that,whether、if,关系代词what,who,whom,whose,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,whomever和关系副词when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however引导。
1、作动词宾语
(1)由从属连词that引导的宾语从句。
that引导宾语从句时,只起引导词作用,在句中不做成分,在口语和非正式文体中常省去。
Ithink(that)he’llberightinafewdays.
(2)由关系代词what,who,whom,whose,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,whomever引导的宾语从句,在句中作成分,即主语、宾语、表语和定语,关系代词在句中不能省略。
Acomputercanonlydowhatyouhaveinstructedittodo.
(3)关系副词when,where,how,why,whenever,wherever,however等引导宾语从句。
关系副词when,where,how,why既有疑问意义,又起连接作用,而且在宾语从句中充当各种状语,分别表时间、地点、方式、原因。
在句中不能省略。
Pleasetellmewhenweshalldiscussourplan.
(4)由从属连词whether或if引导的宾语从句。
Iwonderwhether(if)daughtersarevaluedasmuchassonsinthecountryside.
2、作介词宾语
Itdependsonwhetherheiscomingornot.
3.作形容词宾语
that引导的从句在下列形容词后面作宾语,that可以省略。
Anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content,proud等。
IamnotcertainwhetherIhavemethimbefore.
I’msorry(that)you’reill.
(二)宾语从句在高考中的重难点
1.it充当形式宾语
(1)在believe,consider,declare,estimate,fancy,feel,find,guess,hear,imagine,know,make,prove,reckon,think,understand等动词接复合宾语(宾语+宾补)时,要用it作形式宾语。
Shethinksitwrongthathedidn’tanswerthephone.
(2)在like,enjoy,love,hate,take等表“喜怒哀乐”的动词,后若要跟宾语从句时,需跟形式宾语it。
Ihateitwhenpeopletalkwiththeirmouthsfull.
Ilikeitthateveryonepassedtheexam.
(3)由动词和介词构成的短语动词后接that宾语从句时,要用形式宾语。
如:
Wearethinkingofitthatwe’lllendyousomemoney.
Ishallseetoitthatheistakengoodcareofwhenyouareabsent.
(4)用于“动词+宾语+介词短语”的句型中。
Keepitinmindthatyouhavetobehomebyteno’clock.
Wetookitforgrantedthathewouldcome.
2、语序与时态
1)从句要用称述句语序
I’mnotsurewhentheywillstart.
Hetoldmewhyhedidn’tcomeyesterday.
2)宾语从句的时态特点
宾语从句的时态有时受主句时态的影响。
1、主句使用现在时(包括一般现在时与现在完成时)时,从句可以使用任何时态,从句时态可以与主句一致,也可以根据从句本身的需要使用各种时态。
I think you are right.
I think you were wrong at that time.
I think she’ll come in time.
I think he has already finished his homework.
I doubt whether he is telling the truth.
She has told me that she has never been to the Great Wall.
2、主句使用过去时,从句除表示“真理”可使用现在时态以外,一律使用过去时态。
He said that the earth turns around the sun .
3、从句中含有过去时间状语时,使用一般过去时。
I didn’t think he was wrong yesterday.
4、从句中没有过去时间状语,但谈论的是过去发生的事实或从句含有完成时态状语时,常用过去完成时。
I didn’t think he had been wrong .
5、从句中含有将来时间状语或虽不含有时间状语,但却是谈论未来发生的事实,使用过去将来时。
I wondered whether you would mind doing me a favour.
3、要注意的几个问题
后边不能直接跟that从句的动词
这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。
这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。
例如:
Iadmiretheirwinningthematch.(√)
Iadmirethattheywonthematch.(×)
不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词
有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,
常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。
例如:
Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman.(√)
Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman.(×)
【例题精讲】
1.HewasborninisnowknownasXiangyang.
2.wecan’tgetseemsbetterthanwehave.
3.Whenwearrivedinourapartmentwassupposedtobe,allIcouldseewasaschool.
4Evidencecameupspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungassixmonthsold.
5.Idon’tdoubtshewilllearnalotduringherstayinParis.
Keys:
1-5whatwhat;whatwherethat
【知识梳理2】表语从句
用作表语的从句叫表语从句,它位于主句中的系动词之后。
可以接表语从句的系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。
1、由从属连词that,whether引导的表语从句
that在引导表语从句时无词义,而whether有词义,意为、“是否”。
这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如question(问题),trouble(麻烦),problem(问题),result(结果),chance(可能性),suggestion(建议),idea(想法),reason(理由)等。
表语从句对主句主语进行说明、解释,使主语的内容具体化。
Thetroubleis(that)shehaslosthismoney.
Thequestioniswhetherweneedmoreicecream.
2、由关系代词引导的表语从句
关系代词who,what,which,whom,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever等引导表语从句,在句中作主语、宾语、表语,关系代词不能省略。
Thequestioniswhichofusshouldgo.
Theproblemwaswhocoulddothework.
3、由关系副词where,why,when,how引导的表语从句
Goandgetyourcoat.It’swhereyouleftit.
Thatiswhatheisworriedabout.
4、由连词because,asif/asthough等引导的表语从句
Itlookedasifitwasgoingtosnow.
【例题精讲】
1.—Areyoustillthinkingaboutyesterday’sgame?
—Oh,that’smakesmefeelexcited.
2.Heneverworkshard.Andthat’sheseldompassestheexams.
3.Theonlyproblemwas________wekeptgettinglost!
ButLondonpeopleareveryfriendlyandhelpful.
4.Thetraditionalviewis______wesleepbecauseourbrainis“programmed”tomakeusdoso.
5.Themostexcitingthingforhimwashefinallyfoundtwotinnedfruitsinseemedtohimtobeaservant’sbedroom.
keys:
whatwhythatthatthat;what
当堂一测:
1.我发现自己在公众面前很难表达自己的观点。
(…it…)
Ifindithardtoexpressmyselfinpublic.
2.你认为有必要再学一门外语吗?
(…it…)
Doyouthinkitnecessarytolearnanewforeignlanguage?
1.Itisnotalwayseasyforthepublictosee____________useanewinventioncanbeoftohumanlife.
A.whoseB.whatC.whichD.that
2.Itevenleavesthescientistsinwonder_____theyshouldcallthenewly-borncreature,whichlookshalf-humanandhalf-animal.
A.thatB.whyC.whatD.how
3.Manyskilledworkerswereorganizedtoclearaway______remainedintheWorldExposite.
A.whatB.whenC. whichD.where
4.Consumersaregettingmoresensibleandbuyonly_____theyneedinspiteofalltheadvertisementstheysee.
A.thatB.whatC.whichD.whether
5.Chinesemedicalexpertshavewarned_____antibiotics(抗生素)havebeen“heavilyoverused”athospitals,whichmightcauseseriousside-effects.
A.whatB.whetherC.thatD.why
6.Themanagerseemsnevertobesatisfiedwith______thecompanyhasachieved.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.how
7.Themanagerwillput______hethinkshasastrongsenseofdutyintheleadershipposition.
A.anyoneB.whoeverC.whomeverD.who
8.DeepintheAtlanticOcean,explorershavefoundmaybethemostvaluablesunkentreasureinhistory.
A.whereB.whatC.thatD.which
9.Recently,theChinesegovernmentgavesomeexamplesof_______DalaiLama’svisitingforeigncountrieshadaffectedChina.
A.thatB.whatC.howD.whether
10.Howweexpressourideassometimesmeansmorethan_____wemeantosay.
A.whatB.whichC.thatD.why
1-5BCABC6-10ABBCA
1.
Americanshaveaterribleneedtofindout
(1)_________isrightinanargument.Theproblemis
(2)_________attheinterpersonallevelyoureallydon’tneedtofindthetruth,ormaybethereisn’tany.Chinesepeoplearefarmorecontenttothink(3)__________bothsideshaveflawsandvirtues,becausetheyhaveanawareness(4)__________lifeisfullofcontradictions.TheydofarlessblamingoftheindividualthanAmericansdo.
2.
Oneaspectofgoodwritingis
(1)________eachparagraphhasatopicsentence,usuallythefirstoneinaparagraphwhichcontainsthemainideaoftheparagraph.Ifyouconcentrateonunderstandingthetopicsentence,thismayhelpyoutounderstand
(2)________comesnext.Skimming—thisisreadingatextquicklytofindout(3)_________informationitcontains.Youshouldskimwhen,forexample,youwantto(4)_________atexthastheinformationyouneedtoanswersomequestionsorwriteaproject.
1.
(1)who
(2)that(3)that(4)that
2.
(1)that
(2)what(3)what(4)if/whether
Readandchoosethebestanswer.
A
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