BTEC商检 吴倩莹 第二份工业化学.docx

BTEC商检 吴倩莹 第二份工业化学.docx

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BTEC商检吴倩莹第二份工业化学

BTEC商检吴倩莹第二份工业化学

GuangdongInstituteofEducation

BTECCenter

Program:

HNDinAppliedChemistry

UnitTitle:

IndustrialChemistry

UnitNo:

14AssignmentTitle:

SulfonationandDryingProcessesin

SyntheticDetergents

AssignmentNo.:

IssueDate:

May25,2010

SubmissionDeadline:

June28,2010

Assessor/Tutor:

ZuoyiChenandZhaoxiaDeng

InternalVerifier:

WeiYin

Student:

QianyingWu

Student’sReg.No:

B876546

NOTESTOSTUDENTS

●Checkcarefullythesubmissiondateandtheinstructionsgivenwiththeassignment.Lateassignmentswillnotbeaccepted.

●Ensurethatyougiveyourselfenoughtimetocompletetheassignmentbytheduedate.

●Youmusttakeresponsibilityformanagingyourowntimeeffectively.

●Ifyouareunabletohandinyourassignmentontimeandhavevalidreasonssuchasillness,youmayapply（inwriting）foranextension.

●FailuretoachieveaPASSgradewillresultsinaREFERRALgradebeinggiven.

●Takegreatcarethatifyouuseotherpeople’sworkorideasinyourassignment,youproperlyreferencetheminyourtextandanybibliography.

●Whenyourefertotheworkofotherauthorsinyourassignment,youmustpracticecitationbyfollowingHarvardSystemforReferencing.

●Ifyouarecaughtplagiarizing,youcouldhaveyourgradereducedtozero,oratworst,youcouldbeexcludedfromthecourse.

STUDENT’SDECLARATION:

Iconfirmthatthisisallmyownwork.

StudentSignature:

QianyingWuASSESSMENT

Outcome/

Skill

Criteria

Evidence

Feedback

Assess

PassAssessment

P14.2Discussfactorsaffectingtheselectionofachemicalprocessfortheproduct

P14.2.1Evaluatetheparametersofthechemicalreactionwhichdeterminethechoiceofroutetotheproduct

Evaluatethekeyparametersofthereactionwhichdeterminethechoiceofsulfonationtothelinearalkylbenzenesulfonatesinmanufacturingsyntheticdetergents（e.g.temperature,acidstrength,reactiontime,andratioofoleum-to-alkylate

etc.）

P14.2.2Describeandanalysetheinfluenceofrequiredpost-reactionseparationandpurificationprocesses

Describeandanalysetheinfluenceofrequiredpost-reactionseparationandpurificationprocesses（e.g.dilution,phaseseparation,neutralization）

P14.2.3Evaluatetheimpactofco-andside-productsontheoverallprofitabilityoftheprocess

Evaluatetheimpactofco-andside-productsontheoverallprofitabilityoftheprocess（e.g.nonlinear/branchedalkylsulfonates）

P14.3Examinephysico-chemicalaspectsofanindustrialprocess

P14.3.1Explainhowenergeticsequilibriumandyield,rates,phaseequilibriumandseparationsinfluencetheselectedindustrialprocess

Explainthespray-dryingprocessinmanufacturingdetergentsforementionedindetail

P14.3.2Describetheirimpactonresourcedemands

Describethespray-dryingprocesshowtoimpactonresourcedemands（e.g.finedetergentparticles,theuseofdrycyclones）

AdvancedGrading

M1Identifyandapplystrategiestofindappropriatesolutions

M1.1Effectivejudgementshavebeenmade.

M1.2Complexproblemswithmorethanonevariablehavebeenexplored

M1.3aneffectiveapproachtostudyandresearchhasbeenapplied

Effectivejudgementshavebeenmade,or

complexproblemshavebeenexplored,or

aneffectiveapproachhasbeenapplied

M2Select/designandapplyappropriatemethods/techniques

M2.1Relevanttheoriesandtechniqueshavebeenapplied.

M2.2arangeofmethodsandtechniqueshavebeenapplied.

M2.3arangeofsourcesofinformationhasbeenused.

M2.4theselectionofmethodsandtechniques/sourceshasbeenjustified.

M2.5thedesignofmethods/techniqueshasbeenjustified.

M2.6complexinformationhasbeensynthesisedand

processed.

M2.7appropriatetechniqueshavebeenapplied.

Relevanttheories,methodsandtechniqueshavebeenappliedandjustified,orcomplexinformationhasbeenused,orappropriatetechniqueshavebeenapplied.

M3Presentandcommunicateappropriatefindings

M3.1Theappropriatestructureandapproachhasbeenused.

M3.2coherent,logicaldevelopmentofprinciples/conceptsfortheintendedaudience.

M3.3arangeofmethodsofpresentationhavebeenusedandtechnicallanguagehasbeenaccuratelyused.

M3.4communicationhastakenplaceinfamiliarandunfamiliarcontexts.

M3.5thecommunicationisappropriateforfamiliarandunfamiliaraudiencesandappropriatemediahavebeenused.

M3.1theappropriatestructureandapproachhasbeenused.

M3.3arangeofmethodsofpresentationhavebeenusedandtechnicallanguagehasbeenaccuratelyused.

D1Usecriticalreflectiontoevaluateownworkandjustifyvalidconclusions

D1.1Conclusionshavebeenarrivedatthroughsynthesisofideasandhavebeenjustified.

D1.2thevalidityofresultshasbeenevaluatedusingdefinedcriteria.

D1.3self-criticismofapproachhastakenplace.

D1.4realisticimprovementshavebeenproposedagainstdefinedcharacteristicsforsuccess.

D1.1conclusionshavebeenarrivedatthroughsynthesisofideasandhavebeenjustified.

D1.2thevalidityofresultshasbeenevaluatedusingdefinedcriteria.

D2Takeresponsibilityformanagingandorganisingactivities

D2.1autonomyorindependencehasbeendemonstrated.

D2.2substantialactivities,projectsorinvestigationshavebeenplanned,managedandorganised.

D2.3activitieshavebeenmanaged.

D2.4theunforeseenhasbeenaccommodated.

D2.5theimportanceofinterdependencehasbeenrecognisedandAchieved.

D2.1autonomyorindependencehasbeendemonstrated.

D2.3activitieshavebeenmanaged.

D3demonstrate

convergent/lateral/creativethinking

D3.1ideashavebeengeneratedanddecisionstaken.

D3.2self-evaluationhastakenplace.

D3.3convergentandlateralthinkinghavebeenapplied.

D3.4problemshavebeensolved.

D3.5innovationandcreativethoughthavebeenapplied.

D3.6receptivenesstonewideasisevident.

D3.7effectivethinkinghastakenplaceinunfamiliarcontexts.

D3.4problemshavebeensolved.

D3.5innovationandcreativethoughthavebeenapplied.

Assessor’ssignature:

IVagreement:

√YesNoIVsignature:

Student’sFeedback

Student’ssignature:

QianyingWu

Notes:

AssignmentDescription

Scenario

Originalsoapwasanancientdetergent,whichwasamixtureofmeltedanimalfatortallowandwoodashesintotheclaysoilalongtheTiberRiver.Theearlysoapusedfortreatingskindiseases,aswellasforwashing.Forthesakeofimprovingscourabilityandenhancingotherperformance,chemistsresearchedsyntheticdetergentforsoap’ssubstitute.

Syntheticdetergentsareusedforhouseholdcleaners,suchaswashingpowder,cleanseressenceorsanitarywareagent.Certainly,Syntheticdetergentsareessentialforelectroplating,metalsurfacetreatment,oildrilling,leathertreatmentetc.Theworldproductionoflaundrydetergentsamountedto21,500,000,000kgin1998.Andtheworldwidetotalproducedvolumeremainedincreasingsteadily.

Anumberofundesirableproblemscomewithlargelyusingofsyntheticdetergents.Forexample,phosphatesintheingredientscauseeutrophicationofwater.Andsomeoforganicingredients,suchasbranchedalkylsulfonates,couldnotbedegradedbybacteriabecauseofthehighlybranchedsidechain.Therefore,manyimportantnewcriterions,theso-calledbiodegradabilityofdetergents,appearedforsurfactants.

Toachievetheassessmentcriteriaforpass（P14）youmustdemonstratetheabilityto:

●Discussfactorsaffectingtheselectionofachemicalprocessfortheproduct

●Examinephysico-chemicalaspectsofanindustrialprocess

Thiscanbeachievedbycompletingthefollowingtasksinaccordwithestablishedguidelines.

Tasks

1.Describetheflowofsulfonationprocessestothealkylbenzenesulfonatesinmanufacturingsynthetic.

2.Evaluatethekeyparametersofthereaction.Anddescribeandanalysetheinfluenceofrequiredpost-reactionseparationandpurificationprocesses.Evaluatetheimpactofco-andside-productsontheoverallprofitabilityoftheprocess.

3.Explainthespray-dryingprocessinmanufacturingdetergentsindetails.Anddescribeimpactonenvironment.

Questions

1.Whatistheprocessofalkylbenzenesulfonateofproducing

Theprocessofalkylbenzenesulfonateofproducingisfirstthesulfonationofalkylbenzenesleadstosulfonicacidtyreproduct,whichisthenneutralizedwithabasesuchassodiumhydroxidetoproducesodiumalkylbenzenesulfonate.Thesulfonationreactionishighlyexothermicandinstantaneous.Anefficientreactorheatremovalsystemisusedtopreventthedecompositionoftheresultantsulfonicacid.Thesulfonationreactiontakesplacebyusingoleum（SO3H2SO4）orsulfurtrioxide（SO3）.Although,theoleumsulfonationrequiresrelativelyinexpensiveequipment,theoleumprocesshasmajordisadvantagescomparedtosulfurtrioxide.Theneedforspentacidstreamdisposalandthepotentialcorrosionowingtosulfuricacidgenerationincreasedtheproblemsrelatedtooleumprocess:

ThegaseousairorSO3sulfonationprocessleadstohighyieldsofsulfonicacid（95%to98%）.Thisprocesscomprisesthreemajorsteps.ThesulfonationofalkylbenzenewithairorSO3formsthealkylbenzenesulfonicacidandanhydride.Thelatterisdecomposedintothealkylbenzenesulfonicacidbyhydration.Theneutralizationofthesulfonicacidintothecorrespondingsodiumsaltrepresentsthelastchemicalstepintheprocessofformationofdetergents:

2.Whatarethekeyparametersofthesulfonationprocessofthealkylbenzenesulfonate

Thekeyparametersofthesulfonationprocessofthealkylbenzenesulfonateasfollows:

●Temperature,

●Acidstrength,

●Reactiontime,