America History 1950s.docx

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America History 1950s.docx

AmericaHistory1950s

1950s

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Jumpto:

navigation,search

"'50s"redirectshere.Fordecadescomprisingyears50–59ofothercenturies,seeListofdecades.

Seealso:

UnitedStatesinthe1950s

Clockwise,fromleft:

UnitedNationssoldiersduringtheKoreanWar,whichwasthefirstUNauthorizedconflict;TwoatomicexplosionsfromtheRDS-37andUpshot-Knothole(SovietandAmerican,respectively)nuclearweapons,symbolizingtheescalationofColdWartensionsbetweenthetwonationsinthe1950s;IsraelitroopspreparetofighttheEgyptiansduringtheSuezCrisisof1956;AreplicaofSputnikI,theworld'sfirstsatellite,launchedbytheSovietUnionin1957;FidelCastroleadstheCubanRevolutionin1959;NorthSeafloodof1953

Millennium:

2nd millennium

Centuries:

19th century–20th century–21st century

Decades:

1920s1930s1940s–1950s–1960s1970s1980s

Years:

1950195119521953195419551956195719581959

Categories:

Births–Deaths–Architecture

Establishments–Disestablishments

The1950sorTheFiftieswasthedecadethatbeganonJanuary1,1950andendedonDecember31,1959.Thedecadewasthesixthdecadeofthe20thcentury.Byitsend,theworldhadlargelyrecoveredfromWorldWarIIandtheColdWardevelopedfromitsmodestbeginninginthelate1940stoahotcompetitionbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbythebeginningofthe1960s.

Clashesbetweencommunismandcapitalismdominatedthedecade,especiallyintheNorthernHemisphere.TheconflictsincludedtheKoreanWarinthebeginningsofthedecadeandthebeginningoftheSpaceRacewiththelaunchofSputnikI.Alongwithincreasedtestingofnuclearweapons(suchasRDS-37andUpshot-Knothole),thiscreatedapoliticallyconservativeclimate.IntheUnitedStates,theRedScare(fearofcommunism)causedpublicCongressionalhearingsbybothhousesinCongressandanti-communismwastheprevailingsentimentintheUnitedStatesthroughoutthedecade(thisiswhatprimarilyledthecountrytointerveneintheKoreanWarandlatertheVietnamWar).ThebeginningofdecolonizationinAfricaandAsiaoccurredinthisdecadeandacceleratedinthefollowingdecade,the1960s.

Contents

 [hide] 

∙1Warsandconflicts

o1.1Internalconflicts

o1.2DecolonizationandIndependence

o1.3Prominentpoliticalevents

∙2Internationalissues

o2.1Africa

o2.2Americas

o2.3Asia

o2.4Europe

∙3Disasters

∙4Economics

∙5Scienceandtechnology

o5.1Technology

o5.2Science

∙6Popularculture

o6.1Music

o6.2Film

o6.3Artmovements

o6.4Sports

▪6.4.1Olympics

▪6.4.2FIFAWorldCups

∙7People

o7.1Worldleaders

o7.2Entertainers

o7.3Musicians

o7.4Bands

o7.5Sportsfigures

∙8Seealso

o8.1Timeline

∙9References

∙10Furtherreading

o10.1UnitedStates

∙11Externallinks

[edit]Warsandconflicts

KoreanWar

IsraelitroopspreparingforcombatintheSinaipeninsuladuringtheSuezCrisis.

∙ColdWarconflictsinvolvingtheinfluenceoftherivalsuperpowersoftheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates:

oKoreanWar(1950–1953)–Thewar,whichlastedfromJune25,1950untilthesigningoftheKoreanArmisticeAgreementonJuly27,1953,startedasacivilwarbetweenNorthKoreaandtheRepublicofKorea(SouthKorea).Whenitbegan,NorthandSouthKoreaexistedasprovisionalgovernmentscompetingforcontrolovertheKoreanpeninsula,duetothedivisionofKoreabyoutsidepowers.Whileoriginallyacivilwar,itquicklyescalatedintoawarbetweenthewesternpowersundertheUnitedNationsCommandledbytheUnitedStatesanditsalliesandthecommunistpowersofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheSovietUnion.OnSeptember15,GeneralDouglasMacArthurconductedOperationChromite,anamphibiouslandingatthecityofInchon(SongDoport).TheNorthKoreanarmycollapsed,andwithinafewdays,MacArthur'sarmyretookSeoul(SouthKorea'scapital).Hethenpushednorth,capturingPyongyanginOctober.ChineseinterventionthefollowingmonthdroveUNforcessouthagain.MacArthurthenplannedforafull-scaleinvasionofChina,butthiswasagainstthewishesofPresidentTrumanandotherswhowantedalimitedwar.HewasdismissedandreplacedbyGeneralMatthewRidgeway.Thewarthenbecameabloodystalemateforthenexttwoandahalfyearswhilepeacenegotiationsdraggedon.Thewarleft33,742Americansoldiersdead,92,134wounded,and80,000Missinginaction(MIA)orPrisonerofwar(POW).EstimatesplaceKoreanandChinesecasualtiesat1,000,000–1,400,000deadorwounded,and140,000MIAorPOW.

oTheVietnamWarbeganin1959.Dieminstitutedapolicyofdeathpenaltyagainstanycommunistactivityin1956.TheVietcongbegananassassinationcampaigninearly1957.AnarticlebyFrenchscholarBernardFallpublishedinJuly1958concludedthatanewwarhadbegun.ThefirstofficiallargeunitmilitaryactionwasonSeptember26,1959,whentheVietcongambushedtwoARVNcompanies.[1]

∙Arab–Israeliconflict(Early20thcentury-present)

oSuezCrisis(1956)–TheSuezCrisiswasawarfoughtonEgyptianterritoryin1956.FollowingthenationalisationoftheSuezCanalin1956byGamalAbdelNasser,theUnitedKingdom,FranceandIsraelsubsequentlyinvaded.Theoperationwasamilitarysuccess,butaftertheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionunitedinoppositiontotheinvasion,theinvaderswereforcedtowithdraw.Thiswasseenasamajorhumiliation,especiallyforthetwoWesternEuropeancountries,andsymbolizesthebeginningoftheendofcolonialismandtheweakeningofEuropeanglobalimportance,specificallythecollapseoftheBritishEmpire.

∙AlgerianWar(1954–1962)–Animportantdecolonizationwar,itwasacomplexconflictcharacterizedbyguerrillawarfare,maquisfighting,terrorismagainstcivilians,useoftortureonbothsidesandcounter-terrorismoperationsbytheFrenchArmy.ThewareventuallyledtotheindependenceofAlgeriafromFrance.

[edit]Internalconflicts

FidelCastrobecomestheleaderofCubaasaresultoftheCubanRevolution

∙CubanRevolution(1953–1959)–The1959overthrowofFulgencioBatistabyFidelCastro,CheGuevaraandotherforcesresultedinthecreationofthefirstcommunistgovernmentinthewesternhemisphere.

∙TheMauMaubeganretaliatingagainsttheBritishinKenya.ThisledtoconcentrationcampsinKenya,theretreatoftheBritish,andtheelectionofJomoKenyattaasleaderofKenya.

∙ThewindofdestructionbeganinRwandain1959,followingthebeatingupofHutupoliticianDominiqueMbonyumutwabyTutsiforces.Thiswasthebeginningofdecadesofethnicviolenceinthecountry,whichculminatedinthe1994RwandanGenocide.

[edit]DecolonizationandIndependence

∙DecolonizationofformerEuropeanColonialempires.TheFrenchFourthRepublicinparticularfacedconflictontwofrontswithintheFrenchUnion,theAlgerianWarandtheFirstIndo-ChinaWar.TheFederationofMalayapeacefullygainedindependencefromtheUnitedKingdomin1957.FrenchruleendedinAlgeriain1958,VietnamleftFrenchIndo-chinain1954.TherivalstatesofNorthVietnamandSouthVietnamwereformed.CambodiaandtheKingdomofLaosalsogainedindependence,effectivelyendingFrenchpresenceinSoutheastAsia.ElsewheretheBelgianCongoandotherAfricannationsgainedtheirindependencefromFrance,BelgiumandtheUnitedKingdom.

∙Large-scaledecolonizationinAfricafirstbeganinthe1950s.In1951,LibyabecamethefirstAfricancountrytogainindependenceinthedecade,andin1954theAlgerianWarbegan.1956sawSudan,Morocco,andTunisiabecomeindependent,andthenextyearGhanabecamethefirstsub-saharanAfricannationtogainindependence.

[edit]Prominentpoliticalevents

Thissectionrequiresexpansion.

∙EuropeanCommonMarket–TheEuropeanCommunities(orCommonMarkets),theprecursoroftheEuropeanUnion,wasestablishedwiththeTreatyofRomein1957.

∙OnNovember1,1950,twoPuertoRicannationalistsstagedanattemptedassassinationonU.S.PresidentHarryS.Truman.TheleaderoftheteamGriselioTorresolahadfirearmexperienceandOscarCollazowashisaccomplice.TheymadetheirassaultattheBlairHousewherePresidentTrumanandhisfamilywerestaying.TorresolamortallywoundedaWhiteHousepoliceman,LeslieCoffelt,whoshotTorresoladeadbeforeexpiringhimself.Collazo,asaco-conspiratorinafelonythatturnedintoahomicide,wasfoundguiltyofmurderandwassentencedtodeathin1952butthenhissentencewaslatercommutedtolifeinprison..

[edit]Internationalissues

∙EstablishmentoftheNon-alignedMovement,consistingofnationsnotformallyalignedwithoragainstanymajorpowerbloc.

[edit]Africa

∙Africaexperiencedthebeginningoflarge-scaletop-downeconomicinterventionsinthe1950sthatfailedtocauseimprovementandledtocharitableexhaustionbytheWestasthecenturywenton.Thewidespreadcorruptionwasnotdealtwithandwar,disease,andfaminecontinuedtobeconstantproblemsintheregion.

∙EgyptiangeneralGamelAbdelNasseroverthrewtheEgyptianmonarchy,establishinghimselfasPresidentofEgypt.NasserbecameaninfluentialleaderintheMiddleEastinthe1950s,leadingArabstatesintowarwithIsrael,becomingamajorleaderoftheNon-AlignedMovementandpromotingpan-Arabunification.

[edit]Americas

∙Inthe1950sLatinAmericawasthecenterofcovertandovertconflictbetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.Theirvaryingcollusionwithnational,populist,andelitistinterestsdestabilizedtheregion.TheUnitedStatesCIAorchestratedtheoverthrowoftheGuatemalangovernmentin1954.In1958themilitarydictator

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