America History 1950s.docx
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AmericaHistory1950s
1950s
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia
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"'50s"redirectshere.Fordecadescomprisingyears50–59ofothercenturies,seeListofdecades.
Seealso:
UnitedStatesinthe1950s
Clockwise,fromleft:
UnitedNationssoldiersduringtheKoreanWar,whichwasthefirstUNauthorizedconflict;TwoatomicexplosionsfromtheRDS-37andUpshot-Knothole(SovietandAmerican,respectively)nuclearweapons,symbolizingtheescalationofColdWartensionsbetweenthetwonationsinthe1950s;IsraelitroopspreparetofighttheEgyptiansduringtheSuezCrisisof1956;AreplicaofSputnikI,theworld'sfirstsatellite,launchedbytheSovietUnionin1957;FidelCastroleadstheCubanRevolutionin1959;NorthSeafloodof1953
Millennium:
2nd millennium
Centuries:
19th century–20th century–21st century
Decades:
1920s1930s1940s–1950s–1960s1970s1980s
Years:
1950195119521953195419551956195719581959
Categories:
Births–Deaths–Architecture
Establishments–Disestablishments
The1950sorTheFiftieswasthedecadethatbeganonJanuary1,1950andendedonDecember31,1959.Thedecadewasthesixthdecadeofthe20thcentury.Byitsend,theworldhadlargelyrecoveredfromWorldWarIIandtheColdWardevelopedfromitsmodestbeginninginthelate1940stoahotcompetitionbetweentheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionbythebeginningofthe1960s.
Clashesbetweencommunismandcapitalismdominatedthedecade,especiallyintheNorthernHemisphere.TheconflictsincludedtheKoreanWarinthebeginningsofthedecadeandthebeginningoftheSpaceRacewiththelaunchofSputnikI.Alongwithincreasedtestingofnuclearweapons(suchasRDS-37andUpshot-Knothole),thiscreatedapoliticallyconservativeclimate.IntheUnitedStates,theRedScare(fearofcommunism)causedpublicCongressionalhearingsbybothhousesinCongressandanti-communismwastheprevailingsentimentintheUnitedStatesthroughoutthedecade(thisiswhatprimarilyledthecountrytointerveneintheKoreanWarandlatertheVietnamWar).ThebeginningofdecolonizationinAfricaandAsiaoccurredinthisdecadeandacceleratedinthefollowingdecade,the1960s.
Contents
[hide]
∙1Warsandconflicts
o1.1Internalconflicts
o1.2DecolonizationandIndependence
o1.3Prominentpoliticalevents
∙2Internationalissues
o2.1Africa
o2.2Americas
o2.3Asia
o2.4Europe
∙3Disasters
∙4Economics
∙5Scienceandtechnology
o5.1Technology
o5.2Science
∙6Popularculture
o6.1Music
o6.2Film
o6.3Artmovements
o6.4Sports
▪6.4.1Olympics
▪6.4.2FIFAWorldCups
∙7People
o7.1Worldleaders
o7.2Entertainers
o7.3Musicians
o7.4Bands
o7.5Sportsfigures
∙8Seealso
o8.1Timeline
∙9References
∙10Furtherreading
o10.1UnitedStates
∙11Externallinks
[edit]Warsandconflicts
KoreanWar
IsraelitroopspreparingforcombatintheSinaipeninsuladuringtheSuezCrisis.
∙ColdWarconflictsinvolvingtheinfluenceoftherivalsuperpowersoftheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates:
oKoreanWar(1950–1953)–Thewar,whichlastedfromJune25,1950untilthesigningoftheKoreanArmisticeAgreementonJuly27,1953,startedasacivilwarbetweenNorthKoreaandtheRepublicofKorea(SouthKorea).Whenitbegan,NorthandSouthKoreaexistedasprovisionalgovernmentscompetingforcontrolovertheKoreanpeninsula,duetothedivisionofKoreabyoutsidepowers.Whileoriginallyacivilwar,itquicklyescalatedintoawarbetweenthewesternpowersundertheUnitedNationsCommandledbytheUnitedStatesanditsalliesandthecommunistpowersofthePeople'sRepublicofChinaandtheSovietUnion.OnSeptember15,GeneralDouglasMacArthurconductedOperationChromite,anamphibiouslandingatthecityofInchon(SongDoport).TheNorthKoreanarmycollapsed,andwithinafewdays,MacArthur'sarmyretookSeoul(SouthKorea'scapital).Hethenpushednorth,capturingPyongyanginOctober.ChineseinterventionthefollowingmonthdroveUNforcessouthagain.MacArthurthenplannedforafull-scaleinvasionofChina,butthiswasagainstthewishesofPresidentTrumanandotherswhowantedalimitedwar.HewasdismissedandreplacedbyGeneralMatthewRidgeway.Thewarthenbecameabloodystalemateforthenexttwoandahalfyearswhilepeacenegotiationsdraggedon.Thewarleft33,742Americansoldiersdead,92,134wounded,and80,000Missinginaction(MIA)orPrisonerofwar(POW).EstimatesplaceKoreanandChinesecasualtiesat1,000,000–1,400,000deadorwounded,and140,000MIAorPOW.
oTheVietnamWarbeganin1959.Dieminstitutedapolicyofdeathpenaltyagainstanycommunistactivityin1956.TheVietcongbegananassassinationcampaigninearly1957.AnarticlebyFrenchscholarBernardFallpublishedinJuly1958concludedthatanewwarhadbegun.ThefirstofficiallargeunitmilitaryactionwasonSeptember26,1959,whentheVietcongambushedtwoARVNcompanies.[1]
∙Arab–Israeliconflict(Early20thcentury-present)
oSuezCrisis(1956)–TheSuezCrisiswasawarfoughtonEgyptianterritoryin1956.FollowingthenationalisationoftheSuezCanalin1956byGamalAbdelNasser,theUnitedKingdom,FranceandIsraelsubsequentlyinvaded.Theoperationwasamilitarysuccess,butaftertheUnitedStatesandSovietUnionunitedinoppositiontotheinvasion,theinvaderswereforcedtowithdraw.Thiswasseenasamajorhumiliation,especiallyforthetwoWesternEuropeancountries,andsymbolizesthebeginningoftheendofcolonialismandtheweakeningofEuropeanglobalimportance,specificallythecollapseoftheBritishEmpire.
∙AlgerianWar(1954–1962)–Animportantdecolonizationwar,itwasacomplexconflictcharacterizedbyguerrillawarfare,maquisfighting,terrorismagainstcivilians,useoftortureonbothsidesandcounter-terrorismoperationsbytheFrenchArmy.ThewareventuallyledtotheindependenceofAlgeriafromFrance.
[edit]Internalconflicts
FidelCastrobecomestheleaderofCubaasaresultoftheCubanRevolution
∙CubanRevolution(1953–1959)–The1959overthrowofFulgencioBatistabyFidelCastro,CheGuevaraandotherforcesresultedinthecreationofthefirstcommunistgovernmentinthewesternhemisphere.
∙TheMauMaubeganretaliatingagainsttheBritishinKenya.ThisledtoconcentrationcampsinKenya,theretreatoftheBritish,andtheelectionofJomoKenyattaasleaderofKenya.
∙ThewindofdestructionbeganinRwandain1959,followingthebeatingupofHutupoliticianDominiqueMbonyumutwabyTutsiforces.Thiswasthebeginningofdecadesofethnicviolenceinthecountry,whichculminatedinthe1994RwandanGenocide.
[edit]DecolonizationandIndependence
∙DecolonizationofformerEuropeanColonialempires.TheFrenchFourthRepublicinparticularfacedconflictontwofrontswithintheFrenchUnion,theAlgerianWarandtheFirstIndo-ChinaWar.TheFederationofMalayapeacefullygainedindependencefromtheUnitedKingdomin1957.FrenchruleendedinAlgeriain1958,VietnamleftFrenchIndo-chinain1954.TherivalstatesofNorthVietnamandSouthVietnamwereformed.CambodiaandtheKingdomofLaosalsogainedindependence,effectivelyendingFrenchpresenceinSoutheastAsia.ElsewheretheBelgianCongoandotherAfricannationsgainedtheirindependencefromFrance,BelgiumandtheUnitedKingdom.
∙Large-scaledecolonizationinAfricafirstbeganinthe1950s.In1951,LibyabecamethefirstAfricancountrytogainindependenceinthedecade,andin1954theAlgerianWarbegan.1956sawSudan,Morocco,andTunisiabecomeindependent,andthenextyearGhanabecamethefirstsub-saharanAfricannationtogainindependence.
[edit]Prominentpoliticalevents
Thissectionrequiresexpansion.
∙EuropeanCommonMarket–TheEuropeanCommunities(orCommonMarkets),theprecursoroftheEuropeanUnion,wasestablishedwiththeTreatyofRomein1957.
∙OnNovember1,1950,twoPuertoRicannationalistsstagedanattemptedassassinationonU.S.PresidentHarryS.Truman.TheleaderoftheteamGriselioTorresolahadfirearmexperienceandOscarCollazowashisaccomplice.TheymadetheirassaultattheBlairHousewherePresidentTrumanandhisfamilywerestaying.TorresolamortallywoundedaWhiteHousepoliceman,LeslieCoffelt,whoshotTorresoladeadbeforeexpiringhimself.Collazo,asaco-conspiratorinafelonythatturnedintoahomicide,wasfoundguiltyofmurderandwassentencedtodeathin1952butthenhissentencewaslatercommutedtolifeinprison..
[edit]Internationalissues
∙EstablishmentoftheNon-alignedMovement,consistingofnationsnotformallyalignedwithoragainstanymajorpowerbloc.
[edit]Africa
∙Africaexperiencedthebeginningoflarge-scaletop-downeconomicinterventionsinthe1950sthatfailedtocauseimprovementandledtocharitableexhaustionbytheWestasthecenturywenton.Thewidespreadcorruptionwasnotdealtwithandwar,disease,andfaminecontinuedtobeconstantproblemsintheregion.
∙EgyptiangeneralGamelAbdelNasseroverthrewtheEgyptianmonarchy,establishinghimselfasPresidentofEgypt.NasserbecameaninfluentialleaderintheMiddleEastinthe1950s,leadingArabstatesintowarwithIsrael,becomingamajorleaderoftheNon-AlignedMovementandpromotingpan-Arabunification.
[edit]Americas
∙Inthe1950sLatinAmericawasthecenterofcovertandovertconflictbetweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates.Theirvaryingcollusionwithnational,populist,andelitistinterestsdestabilizedtheregion.TheUnitedStatesCIAorchestratedtheoverthrowoftheGuatemalangovernmentin1954.In1958themilitarydictator