5TheOneAgainsttheMany.docx

5TheOneAgainsttheMany.docx

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5TheOneAgainsttheMany

LessonFiveTheOneAgainsttheMany

ArthurM.SchlesingerJr.

●Objectives

Afterstudyingthisessay,studentswillbeableto:

1.graspthemainideaoftheargumentation（Asocietyshouldallowfreeflowofmanyviewpointsinordertodevelopitself.）；

2.relatewhatisdiscussedintheessaytoChineseexperienceandthecurrentworldsituationsoastobetterunderstandthepoints（thegreatsetbackwesufferedbystickingtodogmatisminthepast,ourprinciplesofnon-interferenceandpeacefulco-existenceindealingwithinternationalaffairs）;

3.getthemselvesfamiliarwithsomekeyphilosophicaltermssuchaspragmatism,dogmatism,absolutism,dialectics,rationalism,determinism,empiricism,ideal,ideology,etc.;

4.graspthemajortechniquesemployedindevelopingtheargument（contrast,citingexamples,clearorganizationofideas,etc.）

5.conductaseriesofreading,listening,speakingandwritingactivitiesrelatedtothethemeoftheunit.

●Aboutthetitle

Whenyoufirstseethistitle,youmightwonderwhatitisabout.Whatistheoneandwhatisthemany?

Isitaboutawarbetweentwopartieswhovarygreatlyinnumber?

Thatistosay,thetitleisveryattractive.Itdrawsreaders’attentionandinterestatthefirstglance.Thatisoneofthemanyskillsyoushouldlearn.Whenyouwriteanarticle,itisimportanttogiveitagoodtitle.Agoodbeginningmeanshalfsuccess.

●GeneralStructure

Thewholetextincludeasmanyas7parts.

PartIistheopeningparagraph.Inthisone-sentenceparagraph,theauthor,righttothepoint,raisetheissueofAmericanexperienceinachievingrapidnationaldevelopment.

PartII（Paras.2-6）.Inthispart,theauthorlistsallthoseFactorsthatfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates

Whatisthefundamentalfactoraccordingtotheauthor?

Couldyoufindtheoriginalsentencefromthetext?

（para.6）----“Butfundamentaltoallofthese…hasbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder.

PartIII（Paras.7-10）IdeologyandPragmatismandAmerican’sAttitudetowardsThem

Here,theauthordefinestheterm“ideology”andpointsoutthatthoughnotalwaysimmunetothetemptationofideology,AmericanshavebeenskepticalaboutideologyandhaveacceptedpragmatisminmostofthetimeinAmericanhistory.TheAmericanRevolutionisusedasanexampletoillustratethedifferencebetweenpragmatismandideology.

PartIV（Paras.11-12）IdealsandIdeology

Inthispart,theauthorusesThomasJeffersonasanexampletoillustratethedistinctionbetweenidealsandideology.

PartV（Paras.13-14）WhatiswrongwithfaithinIdeology?

Inansweringthisquestion,theauthorpointsoutthattheideologistsconfuseideology,anabstractionfromreality,withrealityitself.Thisconfusionleadstotwobadresults,intheinterpretationofhistoryandthechoiceofpublicpolicy.

PartVI（Paras.15-19）DifferencesbetweentheIdeologistandPragmatist

Fromtwoaspects,theauthorfurtherillustrates（elaborateson）thedifferencebetweentheideologistandthepragmatist,thatis,howtheydifferintheirviewsofhistoryandtheirapproachestoissuesofpublicpolicy.

PartVII（Paras.20-22）Conclusion:

theManyshouldbetheChoice

Inthisconcludingpart,theauthorsumsuptheconflictofourtime（i.e.theconflictbetweenideologistsandpragmatists）.Heanalysesthegoalofideologistsandthegoaloffreemen,leadingtotheconclusionthatthemanyshouldbethechoice.

Detailedstudyofthetextbody

Para.1

1.Inanepochdominatedbytheaspirationsofnewstatesfornationaldevelopment…

●period,epoch,eraandage

Periodisthegeneraltermforanyportionofhistoricaltime

Epochanderaareoftenusedinterchangeable,butinstrictdiscrimination,epochappliestothebeginningofanewperiodmarkedbyradicalchanges,newdevelopment,etc.andera,totheentireperiod.

e.g.:

ThefoundingofnewChinamarkedanewepochinChinesehistory.

The20thcenturywasaneraoftechnologicalrevolution.

Ageisappliedtoalongperiodidentifiedwithsomedominantpersonalityordistinctivecharacteristic.

e.g.theStoneAge,theMiddleAges;theVictorianAge

●Fromthisstatement,couldyouguesswhenthisessaywaswritten?

Ifyouknowworldhistorywellenough,youmayknowthattheessaywasprobablywritteninthelate1960sorearly1970swhenmanycountriesinAsiaandAfricawontheirindependenceandwantedtodeveloptheircountries.Youcanseethattheauthoriskeentointernationalsituation,whichmakeshisessayworthofreading.Infact,theauthor’sviewpointsarestillofgreatvaluetoustodaysinceweareseekingforarapidnationaldevelopment.

PartII（Paras.2-6）

Para.2

2.Everycountry,ofcourse,hasitsdistinctivedevelopmentproblems…

●Whatroledoesthissentenceplay?

----Itisatransitionalsentence.

●Isittruetosayso?

---Absolutelyright.Thedevelopmentproblemsandsolutionsvaryfromcountrytocountry.Usuallyonecandrawinsightsfromthoseusefulexperiencesofothercountriesbuttotrytocopyuseonemodelfordifferentproblemsandsituationsistoinvitedisaster.Inourhistory,wetriedtocopythemodelofformersovietunions.Wasitsuccessful?

Ofcoursenot.Thisisthebestexample

●Capacity:

abilitytodothings.

3.Thecountrywasblessedbynotableadvantages….

Bless:

tofavor

Beblessedwith:

tobefavoredwith,befortunateenoughtopossesse.g.Iamnotrichbutamblessedwithgoodhealth.

4.Hadthatbeenso,theIndians,forwhom….

●“..wouldhavedeveloped”:

subjunctivemood

●hadthatbeenso…:

ifthathadbeenso.Ifthefavorableratiobetweenpopulationandresourceshadbeentheonlyfactor…

●“firstsettlers”referstothefoundersofJamestownin1607andthe102passengerswhosailedontheMayflowerin1620toplantthefirstcolonyatPlymouth（inwhatistodaysoutheasternMassachusetts）

5.Whatmatteredequallywasthespirit….

●approach:

tobegindealingwith;toadoptamethodforattainingagoalorpurpose

●Whatcanthechallengesbe?

Thechallengesmayincludethediseases,hungerandharshenvironmenttheyfacedaftertheirlandingintheNewWorld,theirrelationshipwiththenativeIndians.（Wehavetalkedalotaboutthosechallengesfacedbyfrontiersinlesson2.whatthefirstsettlershadtodealwithisquitethesamewiththatthosefrontiersdid.）

Para.3

6.Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation…..

●Faith:

complete,unquestioningacceptanceofsomething

●Whydoestheauthorsaythisbeliefexistedfromtheearliestdays….?

ThefirstsettlersweremainlypuritanswhohadatraditionofrespectinglearningbecausetheybelievedthatreadingtheBibleistheonlywaytocommunicatewithGod.Therefore,aftertheysettleddownandsolvedtheproblemoffeedingtheirfamily,thenextthingtheydidwastobuildchurchesandschoolsintheirsettlement.Forinstance,TheHarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636,theYaleCollegein1701.ApublicschoolsystemwassetupinMassachusettsin1647.

7.Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment….

●philosophicalcommitment:

dedicationtoabstractthought-outprinciples.Here,itreferstodedicationtothebeliefandvaluesofdemocracy.

●Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthaneconomiccommitment…

ThethinkingofThomasJeffersonexemplifiesthepositionthatState-ownededucationforallcitizenswasseenasabasicrequirementfordemocracy.Hewrotein1816,“Ifanationexpectstobeignorantandfree,inastateofcivilization,itexpectswhatneverwasandneverwillbe.”

Educationwasseenasthemeanstoenablethepublictomake“rightchoices”.（thoseconsistentwithdemocraticvalues）andmaintainstabilitywithintherepublic.

TheUnitedStatehasanumberoflawsoneducation:

TheMorrillLandGrantActof1862

TheG.I.Billof1944

NationalDefenseEducationActof1958

TheElementaryandSecondaryEducationActof1965

TheHigherEducationActof1965

Now,theUnitedStateshasthemostadvancededucationalsystemintheworldwhichofferunparallelededucationalopportunitytoitsyouth.Forinstance,between1990and1995over8.5millionstudentsenrolledeveryyearincollegesanduniversities.Remember,thetotalpopulationoftheUnitedStatesisabout2billion.（howmanyenrolledinourcountry?

）

●But,atthesametime,italsohelpedproducetheconditionsessentialtosuccessful…

Inspiteofthefactthateconomiccommitmentwasnotthemajorreasonforrespectforlearning,wideliteracybecameanecessaryconditionformodernization.Justasthesayinggoes“Knowledgeispower”.MaxWeberpointsoutthatProtestantethicspavedthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism.

Thisstatementalsoservesasasmoothtransitiontothenextparagraph.

Para.4

8.Modernindustrialsocietymustbeaboveallaliteratesociety.

●Thissentenceechoeswiththelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraphandformsasmoothtransition.Inwritingyourownessays,youshouldlearntousetransitionalsentencestoensureasmoothrunningofideas.

●DoyouthinktheconceptapplicabletoChina,too?

DoesitremindyouofOurnationalpolicyof“科教兴国”?

Itisbasedonthisconcept.

9.J.K.Galbraithhasrightlyobservedthat….

●intellectualimprovement:

increaseinone’sintellectualability,referringtoeducation智力提高

●capitalgoods:

materialsusedinproduction生产资料

●report:

torecount,togiveanaccountof

●Galbraith’sobservationiscorrect,butittakesdecision-makerswithlong-termperspectivetoreallygraspthesignificanceofGalbraith’sobservationandtodoaccordingly.Why?

Becausemoneyinvestedinconstructionmaybringtangib