中学英语教学中的合作学习毕业论文.docx

中学英语教学中的合作学习毕业论文.docx

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中学英语教学中的合作学习毕业论文

中学英语教学中的合作学习--毕业论文

【标题】中学英语教学中的合作学习

【作者】周巧

【关键词】合作学习;中学英语教学;小组活动

【指导老师】王露李芬芳

【专业】英语

【正文】

I.Introduction

CooperativelearningisfirstadvocatedandcarriedoutbyfamousAmerican

educatorDavidKoonts.Itbecameacreativeandeffectiveteachingtheoryandstrategyin1970sand1980s.ThestrategyofcooperativelearningwasdevelopedasameanstoreducecompetitioninAmericanschools,whichJamesColeman（1959）identifiedasanegativecomponentoftheeducationsystem.

Itisastructured,systematicinstructionalstrategyinwhichsmallgroupsworktogethertowardacommongoal.Cooperation,isworkingtogethertoaccomplishsharedgoals.1Withincooperativeactivitiesindividualsseek

outcomesthatarebeneficialtothemselvesandbeneficialtoallothergroupmembers.Cooperativelearningistheinstructionaluseofsmallgroupssothatstudentsworktogethertomaximizetheirownandeachother’slearning.Theideaissimple.Classmembersareorganizedintosmallgroupsafterreceivinginstructionfromtheteacher.Theythenworkthroughtheassignmentuntilallgroupmemberssuccessfullyunderstandandcompleteit.Cooperativeeffortsresultinparticipantsstrivingbenefitsothatall

groupmembersgainfromeachother’sefforts（yoursuccessbenefitsmeand

mysuccessbenefitsyou）,recognizingthatallgroupmembersshareacommonfate（weallsinkorswimtogetherhere）,knowingthatone’scolleagues（we

cannotdoitwithoutyou）,andfeelingproudandjointlycelebratingwhenagroupmemberisrecognizedforachievement（weallcongratulateyouon

youraccomplishment!

）.2

WiththedevelopmentofthesocietyandeconomyinChina,thesecondroundeducationreformhassetanevenhigherdemandaswell,whichmakesteachingmorechallenging.Teachershavetofocustheirattentionnotonlyonteachingmaterials,butalsoonefficiencyofteaching.Moreandmoreteachersaretryingtouseeffectiveteachingapproachesintheirclassroom

soastofindbetterideasformeetingthesechallenges.Therefore,cooperativelearningapproachiswidelyadoptedinChinesemiddleschools.

InthetraditionalapproachtoEnglishteaching,mostclasstimeisspentwiththeteacher’sinstructingandthestudents’watching,listeningandwriting.Studentsworkindividuallyonassignmentsandcooperationis

discouraged.Suchteacher-centeredinstructionmethodshaverepeatedly

beenfoundinferiortoinstructionthatinvolvecooperativelearning,in

whichstudentsworkingroupsonproblemsunderconditionsthataresurebothpositiveinterdependenceandindividualaccountability.

Differentfromthetraditionalteacher-centeredinstructioninwhich

teachersaddressthewholeclassatthesametimeandtheinteractionbetween

theinstructorandthestudentsarerare,“Cooperativelearningisa

teachingstrategyinvolvingstudents’participationinsmallgrouplearningactivitiesthatpromotepositiveinteraction.”3Studentsareencouragedtosolveproblems,answerquestionsoftheirown,discuss,explain,debateorbrainstormintheirteamsduringclass.Teammembers

learntocooperateandworktogethertowardacommongoal.

II.LiteratureReview

A.TheConnotationofCooperativeLearning

Accordingtothestudyofcooperativelearningexpertsallovertheworld,itinvolvesfollowingpoints:

4

（1）Cooperativelearning,isateachingactivitywhichtakesthegroupactivitiesasthemainbody.

（2）Cooperativelearning,isamutualassistanceactivityofcompanion.

（3）Cooperativelearning,isagoal-orientedactivity.

（4）Cooperativelearning,istakingtheoverallperformanceofeachgroup’sachievesastherewardbasis.

（5）Cooperativelearning’slearningassignmentandteachingprocedure,assignedandcontrolledbyteachers.5

Tosumup,cooperativelearningisalearningstrategyaswellasameansofclassroomorgnization,inwhichstudentslearninsmallgroupstoachievethecommongoalsandgetsharedreward.Inordertomaximizetheirachivement,groupmembersoftenhelpeachotherandcontributetheirmosttothegroup.

B.TheKeyElementsofCooperativeLearning

Allthecooperativelearningapproachessharethefollowingbasicelements:

positiveinterdependence,face-to-faceinteraction,individualandand

groupaccountability,interpersonalandsmallgroupskillsandgroupprocessing.（Johnson&Johnson,1993）6

Thefirstelementispositiveinterdependence.Itisakindoffeelingthatallgroupmembersarelinkedtogether.Onecannotsucceedwithoutthe

successofothers.Thus,inordertoachievethegroupgoal,groupmembershavetohelpeachotherandcontributesone’sowneffortstothegroup.Positiveinterdependencehelpsstudentsseethattheirworkcanbenefitothersandother’sworkcanbenefitthem.Thisistheessentialelementofcooperativelearning.

Thesecondelementofcooperativelearningisface-to-faceinteraction.It

meansthatthefundamentalformofcooperativelearningisgroupwork,inwhichstudentscommunicateandinteractwitheachother.Theycollect

materialsandsolveproblemstoaccomplishtaskstogether.Bysharingresources,providinghelping,supportingandencouraging,theyachievetheirgoals.Theinteractiveactivitiesincludeexplaininghowtosolveproblems,teachingacademicknowledge,checkingunderstanding,discussingandchangingconceptsandideasbeinglearned.

Thethirdelementofcooperativelearningisindividualaccountability.Itmeansthatinordertoachievethegroupgoal,eachmembershouldbeclear

whathisresponsibilityis.Individualaccountabilityexistswhentheperformanceofeachindividualisassessedandtheresultsaregivenbacktothegroup.Itensuresthatgroupmemberscannotbefreeriders.Eachshouldcontributehisshare.Onlyinthiswaycaneachmembermaximizehislearningandbenefitfromcooperativelearning.

Thefourthelementofcooperativelearningisinterpersonalandsmallgroupskills.Cooperativelearningisakindofself-learningconductedinthe

formofgroupwork.Studentsneedtointeractwitheachother,sointerpersonalandsmallgroupskillsareneed.Howeverjustputtingstudentstogetherandtellingthemtocooperatecannotguaranteewhattheycandoastheteachersexpects.Sothesocialskillsmustbetaughttothestudents

justaspurposefullyandpreciselyasacademicskills.Leadership,decision-making,trust-building,communication,andconflict-management

skillsempowerstudentstomanagebothteamworkandtaskworksuccessfully.Sincecooperationandconflictareinherentlyrelated,theproceduresandskillsformanagingconflictsconstructivelyareespeciallyimportantforthelong-termsuccessoflearninggroups.

Thefifthelementofcooperativelearningisgroupprocessing.Itexistswhengroupmembersdiscusshowwelltheyareachievingtheirgoalsandmaintainingeffectiveworkingrelationships.Groupsneedtodescribewhatmemberactionsarehelpfulandunhelpfulandmakedecisionsaboutwhatbehaviorstocontinueorchange.Continuousimprovementoftheprocesses

oflearningresultsfromthecarefulanalysisofhowmembersareworkingtogetheranddetermininghowgroupeffectivenesscanbeenhanced.

C.TheBasicTheoriesofCooperativeLearning

Thereareatleastthreegeneraltheoreticalperspectivesthathaveguided

researchoncooperativelearning:

socialinterdependence,cognitivedevelopment,andbehaviorallearningtheory.Byfarthemostimportanttheorydealingwithcooperationissocialinterdependencetheory.7

SocialinterdependencetheorycamefromtheGestaltpsychologyinearly20thcentury.K.Kafkaasoneofthefoundersofthistheorythoughtthatthegroupwasapowerunityinwhichgroupmembers’interdependencecouldchange,andtheinterdependenceofmembershaditsdifferences.K.Lewin,

oneofhiscolleagueselucidatedtheaboveviewpoints,andheconsideredthattheessenceofonegroupwastheinterdependenceformedbythegroupmemberswhentheyhavethesamegoals.8Thisessenceresultedgroupsasawhole,andifanymemberorsub-groupofthegrouphadchanged,itwould

affecttheothermembersofthegroupsorothersub-groupstochange;the

intensiveconditionsingroupmemberscantriggertheincentivetocompletethecommongoal.

Lewin’sstudentM.Deutschputforwardthecooperationandcompetition

theoryfromtheperspectiveofobjectivestructureintheendofthe1940s,definedthreekindsofobjectivestructure:

（1）Thecooperation’sobjectivestructure:

personalgoalorientationeffortscanhelpothersachievetheirgoals.

（2）Competition’sobjectivestructure:

personalgoalorientationcanhamperotherstoreachagoal.

（3）Personalobjectivestructure:

personalgoalorientationeffortshavenothingtodowithothers’achievementtotheirgoals.

Deutsch’sstudentsJohnsonBrothersintegratedanddevelopedthistheoryandformedthesocialinterdependencetheory.Thistheoryisthatpositiveinterdependence（cooperation）producesthepromotedinteraction,andgroupmemberswillencourageandfacilitateeachothers’learning

efforts;negativeinterdependence（competition）producestheopposed

interaction,andgroupmemberswillnotencourageother’slearningeffortanddiscouragethem;intheabsenceofinterdependencecircumstances,thereisnotanyinteractionbetweenindividualsandeachoneworksindependentlyandwithoutinterference.

Fromtheperspectiveofsocialinterdependencetheory,thecoreofcooperativelearningtheorycanbeexpressedbyverysimplewords:

whenallthepeoplegathertogetherforacommongoaltowork,theydependonthestrengthofunity.Dependingoneachotherprovidedthepowerforindividualstheycan:

（1）mutuallyencourage,andbewillingtodoanythingforthesu