clansurnamebranch.docx

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clansurnamebranch

Koreanname

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

AKoreannameconsistsofafamilynamefollowedbyagivenname,asusedbytheKoreanpeopleinbothNorthKoreaandSouthKorea.IntheKoreanlanguage,‘ireum’or‘seong-myeong’usuallyreferstothefamilyname（seong）andgivenname（ireuminanarrowsense）together.Alonghistoryoftheuseoffamilynameshascausedsurnameextinction.Thereareonlyabout250Koreanfamilynamescurrentlyinuse,andthethreemostcommon（Kim,Lee,andPark）accountfornearlyhalfofthepopulation.

Thefamilynameistypicallyasinglesyllable,andthegivenname（inmostcases）twosyllables.ThereisnomiddlenameintheWesternsense.ManyKoreanshavetheirgivennamesmadeofagenerationalnamesyllableandanindividuallydistinctsyllable,whilethispracticeisdecliningintheyoungergenerations.ThegenerationalnamesyllableissharedbysiblingsinNorthKorea,andbyallmembersofthesamegenerationofanextendedfamilyinSouthKorea.Marriedmenandwomenusuallykeeptheirfullpersonalnames,andchildreninheritthefather’sfamilyname.

Modernfamilynamesaresubdividedintobon-gwan（clans）,i.e.extendedfamilieswhichoriginateinthelineagesystemusedinprevioushistoricalperiods.Eachclanisidentifiedbyaspecificplace,andtracesitsorigintoacommonpatrilinealancestor.

EarlynamesbasedontheKoreanlanguagewererecordedintheThreeKingdomsperiod（57BCE–668CE）,butwiththegrowingadoptionofChinesewritingsystem,theseweregraduallyreplacedbynamesbasedonChinesecharacters.DuringperiodsofMongolinfluence,therulingclasssupplementedtheirKoreannameswithMongoliannames.Inaddition,duringthelaterperiodofJapaneseruleintheearly20thcentury,KoreanswereforcedtoadoptJapanesenames.Inrecentdecades,therehasbeenatrendtowardsusingnativeKoreanwordsasnames,althoughstillasmallminority.

BecauseofthemanychangesinKoreanromanizationpracticesovertheyears,modernKoreans,whenusingEuropeanlanguages,romanizetheirnamesinvariousways,mostoftenapproximatingthepronunciationinEnglishorthography.Somekeeptheoriginalorderofnames,whileothersreversethenamestomatchtheusualWesternpattern.

45%ofKoreanpeoplebearthefamilynameKim,Lee,orPark     Kim,Gim     Lee,Yi,Rhee     Park,Pak     Choi     Jung,Jeong,Chung,Cheong

Contents

[hide]

∙1Familynames

∙2Givennames

∙3Usage

o3.1Formsofaddress

o3.2Traditionalnicknames

∙4History

o4.1Nativenames

o4.2Confuciannamingsystem

o4.3Mongoliannames

o4.4Japanesenames

∙5Romanizationandpronunciation

∙6References

o6.1Notes

o6.2Furtherreading

∙7Seealso

∙8Externallinks

Familynames

Thefivemostcommonfamilynames[1]

Hangul

Hanja

Revised

MR

Commonspellings

김

金

Gim

Kim

Kim

리（N）

이（S）

李

Ri（N）

I（S）

Ri（N）

Yi（S）

Lee,Yi,Rhee,Rhie,Reeh,Yie,Ee

박

朴

Bak

Pak

Park,Pak

정

鄭

丁

Jeong

Chŏng

Chung,Jung

최

崔

Choe

Ch’oe

Choi

BoththetopandbottomlinesdepicttheKoreannameHongGil-dong,whichisacommonanonymousnamelikeJohnDoe.Thetoplineiswrittenasthehangulversion（Koreancharacters）,andthebottomasthehanjaversion（Chinesecharacters）.InbothinstancesthefamilynameHongisinyellow.

Thereareroughly250familynamesinusetoday.[2]Eachfamilynameisdividedintooneormoreclans（bon-gwan）,identifyingtheclan’scityoforigin.Forexample,themostpopulousclanisGimhaeKim;thatis,theKimclanfromthecityofGimhae.Clansarefurthersubdividedintovariouspa,orbranchesstemmingfromamorerecentcommonancestor,sothatafullidentificationofapersonsfamilynamewouldbeclan-surname-branch.

Koreanwomentraditionallykeeptheirfamilynameaftermarriage,buttheirchildrentakethefather’sname.Accordingtotradition,eachclanpublishesacomprehensivegenealogy（jokbo）every30years.[3]

Therearearoundadozentwo-syllablesurnames,allofwhichrankafterthe100mostcommonsurnames.Thefivemostcommonfamilynames,whichtogethermakeupoverhalfoftheKoreanpopulation,areusedbyover20millionpeopleinSouthKorea.[1]

Givennames

Traditionally,givennamesformalesarepartlydeterminedbygenerationnames,acustomoriginatinginChina.Oneofthetwocharactersinagivennameisuniquetotheindividual,whiletheotherissharedbyallpeopleinafamilygeneration.Therefore,itiscommonforcousinstohavethesamecharacter（dollimja）intheirgivennamesinthesamefixedposition.InNorthKorea,generationalnamesarenolongersharedacrossfamilies,butarestillcommonlysharedbybrothersandsisters.[4]

Givennamesaretypicallycomposedofhanja,orChinesecharacters.InNorthKorea,thehanjaarenolongerusedtowritethenames,butthemeaningsarestillunderstood;thus,forexample,thesyllablecheol（철,鐵）isusedinboy’snameswiththemeaningof“iron”.InSouthKorea,section37oftheFamilyRegistryLawrequiresthatthehanjainpersonalnamesbetakenfromarestrictedlist.[5]Unapprovedhanjamustberepresentedbyhangul,orKoreancharacters,inthefamilyregistry.InMarch1991,theSupremeCourtofSouthKoreapublishedtheTableofHanjaforPersonalNameUsewhichallowedatotalof2,854hanjainnewSouthKoreangivennames（aswellas61alternateforms）.[6]Thelistwasexpandedin1994,1997,2001,and2005.Thustherearenow5,038hanjapermittedinSouthKoreannames,inadditiontoasmallnumberofalternateforms.

Whilethetraditionalpracticeisstilllargelyfollowed,sincethelate1970s,someparentshavegiventheirchildrennamesthatarenativeKoreanwords,usuallyoftwosyllables.Thishasbeenlargelyrestrictedtogirl’snames.PopularnativeKoreangivennamesofthissortincludeHaneul（하늘;“Heaven”or“Sky”）,Areum（아름;“Beauty”）,Gippeum（기쁨;“Joy”）andIseul（이슬;“Dew”）.Despitethistrendawayfromtraditionalpractice,people’snamesarestillrecordedinbothhangulandhanja（ifavailable）onofficialdocuments,infamilygenealogies,andsoon.

Usage

Formsofaddress

Seealso:

Koreanhonorifics

TheusageofnamesisgovernedbystrictnormsintraditionalKoreansociety.ItisgenerallyconsideredrudetoaddressanyonebytheirgivennameinKoreanculture.Thisisparticularlythecasewhendealingwithadultsorone’selders.[7]ThisisoftenasourceofpragmaticdifficultyforlearnersofKoreanasaforeignlanguage,andforKoreanlearnersofWesternlanguages.

Avarietyofreplacementsareusedfortheactualnameoftheperson.Itisacceptableamongadultsofsimilarstatustoaddresstheotherbytheirfullname,withthesuffixssi（氏,씨）added.However,itisinappropriatetoaddresssomeonebytheirsurnamealone,evenwithsuchasuffix.[8]Wheneverthepersonhasanofficialrank,itistypicaltoaddresshimorherbythenameofthatrank（suchas“Manager”）,oftenwiththehonorificnim（님）added.Insuchcases,thefullnameofthepersonmaybeappended,althoughthiscanalsoimplythatthespeakerisofhigherstatus.[8]

Amongchildrenandclosefriends,itiscommontouseaperson’sbirthname.

Traditionalnicknames

Amongthecommonpeople,whoandhavesufferedfromhighchildmortality,childrenwereoftengivenamyeong（childhoodname）,towishthemlonglivesbyavoidingnoticefromthemessengerofdeath.[9]Thesesometimes-insultingnicknames,areusedsparinglyforchildrentoday.[10]

Uponmarriage,womenusuallylosttheiramyeong,andwerecalledbyataekho,referringtotheirtownoforigin.[9]

Inaddition,teknonymy,orreferringtoparentsbytheirchildren’snames,isacommonpractice.Itismostcommonlyusedinreferringtoamotherbythenameofhereldestson,asin“Cheolsu’smom”（철수엄마）.However,itcanbeextendedtoeitherparentandanychild,dependinguponthecontext.[11]

History

Theuseofnameshasevolvedovertime,fromthefirstrecordingofKoreannamesintheearlyThreeKingdomsperiodthroughthegradualadoptionofChineseformsofnamingascentralizedkingdomscametodominateKoreanlife.Acomplexsystem,includingcourtesynamesandpennamesaswellasposthumousnamesandchildhoodnames,aroseoutofConfuciantradition.ThecourtesynamesysteminparticulararosefromtheClassicofRites,acoretextoftheConfuciancanon.[12]

Nativenames

DuringtheThreeKingdomsperiod,nativegivennamesweresometimescomposedofthreesyllableslikeMisaheun（미사흔）andSadaham（사다함）,whichwerelatertranscribedintohanja（未斯欣,斯多含）.Theuseoffamilynameswaslimitedtokingsinthebeginning,butgraduallyspreadtoaristocratsandeventuallytomostofthepopulation.[13]

SomerecordedfamilynamesareapparentlynativeKoreanwords,suchastoponyms.Atthattime,somecharactersofKoreannamesmighthavebeenreadnotbytheirSino-Koreanpronunciationbutbytheirnativereading（seehanja）.Forexample,thenativeKoreannameofYeonGaesomun（연개소문;淵蓋蘇文）,thefirstGrandPrimeMinisterofGoguryeo,canlinguisticallybereconstructedas“EolKasum”（/*älkasum/）.[14]EarlySillanamesarealsobelievedtorepresentOldKoreanvocabulary;forexample,BakHyeokgeose,thenameofthefounderofSilla,waspronouncedsomethinglike“Bulgeonuri”（弗矩內）,whichcanbetranslatedas“brightworld”.[15]

Confuciannamingsystem

AccordingtothechronicleSamgukSagi,familynameswerebestowedbykingsupontheirsupporters.Forexample,in33CE,KingYurigavethesixheadmenofSaro（laterSilla）thenamesLee（이）,Bae（배）,Choe（최）,Jeong（정）,Son（손）andSeol（설）.However,thisaccountisnotgenerallycreditedbymodernhistorians,whoholdthatConfucian-stylesurnamesasaboveweremorelikelytohave