汽车转向系统中英文外文翻译.docx

汽车转向系统中英文外文翻译.docx

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汽车转向系统中英文外文翻译

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

Spincontrolforcars

Stabilitycontrolsystemsarethelatestinastringoftechnologiesfocusingonimproveddirivingsafety.Suchsystemsdetecttheinitialphasesofaskidandrestoredirectionalcontrolin40milliseconds,seventimesfasterthanthereactiontimeoftheaveragehuman.Theycorrectvehiclepathsbyadjustingenginetorqueorapplyingtheleft-or-right-sidebrakes,orboth,asneeded.ThetechnologyhasalreadybeenappliedtotheMercedes-BenzS600coupe.

Automaticstabilitysystemscandetecttheonsetofaskidandbringafishtailingvehiclebackoncourseevenbeforeitsdrivercanreact.

Safetyglass,seatbelts,crumplezones,airbags,antilockbrakes,tractioncontrol,andnowstabilitycontrol.Thecontinuingprogressionofsafetysystemsforcarshasyieldedyetanotherdevicedesignedtokeepoccupantsfrominjury.Stabilitycontrolsystemshelpdriversrecoverfromuncontrolledskidsincurves,thusavoidingspinoutsandaccidents.

Usingcomputersandanarrayofsensors,astabilitycontrolsystemdetectstheonsetofaskidandrestoresdirectionalcontrolmorequicklythanahumandrivercan.Everymicrosecond,thesystemtakesa"snapshot,"calculatingwhetheracarisgoingexactlyinthedirectionitisbeingsteered.Ifthereistheslightestdifferencebetweenwherethedriverissteeringandwherethevehicleisgoing,thesystemcorrectsitspathinasplit-secondbyadjustingenginetorqueand/orapplyingthecat'sleft-orright-sidebrakesasneeded.Typicalreactiontimeis40milliseconds-seventimesfasterthanthatoftheaveragehuman.

Astabilitycontrolsystemsensesthedriver'sdesiredmotionfromthesteeringangle,theacceleratorpedalposition,andthebrakepressurewhiledeterminingthevehicle'sactualmotionfromtheyawrate（vehiclerotationaboutitsverticalaxis）andlateralacceleration,explainedAntonvanZanten,projectleaderoftheRobertBoschengineeringteam.VanZanten'sgroupandateamofengineersfromMercedes-Benz,ledbyprojectmanagerArminMuller,developedthefirstfullyeffectivestabilitycontrolsystem,whichregulatesenginetorqueandwheelbrakepressuresusingtractioncontrolcomponentstominimizethedifferencebetweenthedesiredandactualmotion.

Automotivesafetyexpertsbelievethatstabilitycontrolsystemswillreducethenumberofaccidents,oratleasttheseverityofdamage.Safetystatisticssaythatmostofthedeadlyaccidentsinwhichasinglecarspinsout（accountingforfourpercentofalldeadlycollisions）couldbeavoidedusingthenewtechnology.Theadditionalcostofthenewsystemsareontheorderoftheincreasinglypopularantilockbrake/tractioncontrolunitsnowavailableforcars.

ThedebutofstabilitycontroltechnologytookplaceinEuropeontheMercedes-BenzS600coupethisspring.DevelopedjointlyduringthepastfewyearsbyRobertBoschGmbHandMercedes-BenzAG,bothofStuttgart,Germany,VehicleDynamicsControl（VDC）.inBoschterminology,ortheElectronicStabilityProgram（ESP）,asMercedescallsit,maintainsvehiclestabilityinmostdrivingsituations.Boschdevelopedthesystem,andMercedes-Benzintegrateditintothevehicle.Mercedesengineersusedthestate-of-the-artDaimler-Benzvirtual-realitydrivingsimulatorinBerlintoevaluatethesystemunderextremeconditions,suchasstrongcrosswinds.TheythenputthesystemthroughitspacesontheslickiceofLakeHornavannearArjeplog,Sweden.Workiscurrentlyunderwaytoadaptthetechnologytobusesandlargetrucks,toavoidjack-knifing,forexample.

Stabilitycontrolsystemswillfirstappearinmid-1995onsomeEuropeanS-ClassmodelsandwillreachtheU.S.marketduringthe1996modelyear（November1995introduction）.Itwillbeavailableasa$750optiononMercedesmodelswithV8engines,andthefollowingyearitwillbea$2400optiononsix-cylinder鉣俕嶏핤딿냷€$1650ofthelatterpriceisforthetractioncontrolsystem,aprerequisiteforstabilitycontrol.

Boschisnotaloneindevelopingsuchasafetysystem.ITTAutomotiveofAuburnHills,Mich.,introduceditsAutomotiveStabilityManagementSystem（ASMS）inJanuaryatthe1995NorthAmericanInternationalAutoShowinDetroit."ASMSisaquantumleapintheevolutionofantilockbrakesystems,combiningthebestattributesofABSandtractioncontrolintoatotalvehicledynamicsmanagementsystem,"saidTimothyD.Leuliette,ITTAutomotive'spresidentandchiefexecutiveofficer.

"ASMSmonitorswhatthevehiclecontrolsindicateshouldbehappening,comparesthattowhatisactuallyhappening,thenworkstocompensateforthedifference,"saidJohannesGraber,ASMSprogrammanageratITTAutomotiveEurope.ITT'ssystemshouldbeginappearingonvehiclesworldwideneartheendofthedecade,accordingtoTomMathues,directorofengineeringofBrake&ChassisSystemsatITTAutomotiveNorthAmerica.Companyengineersarenowadaptingthesystemtospecificcarmodelsfromsixoriginalequipmentmanufacturers.

Aless-sophisticatedandless-effectiveBoschstabilitycontrolsystemalreadyappearsonthe1995750iLand850CiV-12modelsfromMunich-basedBMWAG.TheBMWDynamicStabilityControl（DSC）systemusesthesamewheel-speedsensorsastractioncontrolandstandardanti-lockbrake（ABS）systemstorecognizeconditionsthatcandestabilizeavehicleincurvesandcorners.Todetectsuchpotentiallydangerouscorneringsituations,DSCmeasuresdifferencesinrotationalspeedbetweenthetwofrontwheels.TheDSCsystemalsoaddsasensorforsteeringangle,Utilizesanexistingoneforvehiclevelocity,andintroducesitsownsoftwarecontrolelementsintheoverallantilock-brake/traction-control/stability-controlsystem.

ThenewBoschandITTAutomotivestabilitycontrolsystemsbenefitfromadvancedtechnologydevelopedfortheaerospaceindustry.Justasinasupersonicfighter,theautomotivestabilitycontrolunitsuseasensor-basedcomputersystemtomediatebetweenthehumancontrollerandtheenvironment-inthiscase,theinterfacebetweentireandroad.Inaddition,thesystemisbuiltaroundagyroscopelikesensordesignusedformissileguidance.

BEYONDABSANDTRACTIONCONTROL

StabilitycontrolisthelogicalextensionofABSandtractioncontrol,accordingtoaSocietyofAutomotiveEngineerspaperwrittenbyvanZantenandBoschcolleaguesRainerErhardtandGeorgPfaff.WhereasABSinterveneswhenwheellockisimminentduringbraking,andtractioncontrolpreventswheelslippagewhenaccelerating,stabilitycontroloperatesindependentlyofthedriver'sactionsevenwhenthecarisfree-rolling.Dependingontheparticulardrivingsituation,thesystemmayactivateanindividualwheelbrakeoranycombinationofthefourandadjustenginetorque,stabilizingthecarandseverelyreducingthedangerofanuncontrolledskid.Thenewsystemscontrolthemotionnotonlyduringfullbrakingbutalsoduringpartialbraking,coasting,acceleration,andenginedragonthedrivenwheels,circumstanceswellbeyondwhatABSandtractioncontrolcanhandle.

Theideabehindthethreeactivesafetysystemsisthesame:

Onewheellockingorslippingsignificantlydecreasesdirectionalstabilityormakessteeringavehiclemoredifficult.Ifacarmustbrakeonalow-frictionsurface,lockingitswheelsshouldbeavoidedtomaintainstabilityandsteerability.

WhereasABSandtractioncontrolpreventundesiredlongitudinalslip,stabilitycontrolreduceslossoflateralstability.Ifthelateralforcesofamovingvehiclearenolongeradequateatoneormorewheels,thevehiclemaylosestability,particularlyincurves.Whatthedriveɲ逾半쀹ᾩ쏪ꖘﲢ끣 "fishtailing"isprimarilyaturningorspinningaroundthevehicle'saxis.Aseparatesensormustrecognizethisspinning,becauseunlikeABSandtractioncontrol,acar'slateralmovementcannotbecalculatedfromitswheelspeeds.

SPINHANDLERS

Thenewsystemsmeasureanytendencytowardundersteer（whenacarrespondsslowlytosteeringchanges）,orover-steer（whentherearwheelstrytoswingaround）.Ifacarundersteersandswervesoffcoursewhendriveninacurve,thestabilitycontrolsystemwillcorrecttheerrorbybrakingtheinner（withrespecttothecurve）rearwheel.Thisenablesthedriver,asinthecaseofABS,toapproachthelockinglimitoftheroad-tireinterfacewithoutlosingcontrolofthevehicle.Thestabilitycontrolsystemmayreducethevehicle'sdrivemomentumbythrottlingbacktheengineand/orbybrakingonindividualwheels.Conversely,ifthehteralstabilizingforceontherearaxleisinsufficient,thedangerofoversteeringmayresultinrear-endbreakawayorspin-out.Here,thesystemactsasastabilizerbyapplyingtheouter-frontwheelbrake.

Theinfluenceofsideslipangleonmaneuverability,theBoschresearchersexplained,showsthatthesensitivityoftheyawmomentonthevehicle,withrespecttochangesinthesteeringangle,decreasesrapidlyastheslipangleofthevehicleincreases.Oncetheslipanglegrowsbeyondacertainlimit,thedriverhasamuchhardertimerecoveringbysteering.Ondrysurfaces,maneuverabilityislostatslip-anglevalueslargerthanapproximately10degrees,andonpackedsnowatapproximately4degrees.

Mostdrivershavelittleexperiencerecoveringfromskids.Theyaren'tawareofthecoefficientoffrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroadandhavenoideaoftheirvehicle'slateralstabilitymargin.Whenthelimitofadhesionisreached,thedriverisusuallycaughtbysurpriseandveryoftenreactsinthewrongway,steeringtoomuch.Oversteering,ITT'sGraberexplained,causesthecartofishtail,throwingthevehicleevenfurtheroutofcontrol.ASMSsensors,hesaid,canquicklydetectthebeginningofaskidandmome