英文论文写作5.docx

英文论文写作5.docx

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英文论文写作5

IVCoordinationandsubordination

Subordinationisthetechniqueofputtingtogetherideasthatareunequalinweightsothattherelativeimportanceofeachwillbeapparenttothereader.

Awriternormallydistinguishesbetweenideasthatareroughlyequal,andthereforebetterexpressedthroughparallelism,andthosethatareunequalandthereforebetterexpressedthroughsubordination.

1.

a）Thehouseisattheendofthestreet,anditwasdesigned

byafamousarchitect.

b）Thehouseattheendofthestreetwasdesignedbyafamousarchitect.

2.

a）Theguardswerefullyarmed,andtheyexpectedtrouble.

b）Expectingtrouble,theguardswerefullyarmed.

3.

a）Thedeanissuedabulletin,anditsaidthelibrarywouldremainopenonweekends.

b）Thedeanissuedabulletinthatsaidthelibrarywouldremainopenonweekends.

4.

a）Mr.Edwardsisthemanagerofthestore,andheisacitycouncilman.

b）Mr.Edwards,themanagerofthestore,isacitycouncilman

5.

a）Myunclebroughtmeagift,anditwasawristwatch.

b）Myunclebroughtmeagift,awristwatch.

6.

a）Youwantmetohelpyouwithyourhomework,butyoumusthelpmecleantheapartmentfirst.

b）Ifyouwantmetohelpyouwithyourhomework,youmusthelpmecleantheapartmentfirst.

7.

a）Hewantedtogotomedicalinstitute,andhestudieddiligentlyduringhissenioryearofcollege.

b）Becausehewantedtogotomedicalinstitute,hestudieddiligentlyduringhissenioryearofcollege.

8.

a）Wewanttoridtheworldofpollution.Sowemustmakesomefundamentalchangesinthewaymanyofuslive.

b）Toridtheworldofpollution,wemustmakesomefundamentalchangesinthewaymanyofuslive.

Exercise1

Byusingvariousmeansofsubordination（participialphrase,appositive,subordinateclause,etc,）combineorrevisethefollowingsentencesineachgroupintoonesmoothsentence.

1）Engineersreportedthatatunnelwouldbemorepracticalthanabridge.TheCityCommissionauthorizedtheconstructionofatunnel.

Becausetheengineersreportedthatatunnelwouldbemorepracticalthanabridge,thecitycommissionauthorizedtheconstructionofatunnel.

2）Theboyswerecaughtinasuddenrainstorm,andtheytookrefugeinahaystack.

Caughtinasuddenrainstorm,theboystookrefugeinahaystack.

3）WemadetherunwaysattheLondonAirportlonger.Ourpurposeindoingthisistoenablethebigjetsland.

Toenablethebigjetsland,wemadetherunwaysattheLondonairportlonger.

4）Mr.Sampson’swillnamedhissecretaryasprincipalbeneficiaryandhisbusinesspartnerasexecutor.Thewilldisappointedhisrelatives.Theyhadexpectedtofindthemselvesinoneortheotherofthosepositions.

whichdisappointedhisrelativesfortheyhadexpectedtofindthemselvesinoneortheotherofthosepositions.

5）Hissisterwascallingforhelp,andshesoundedhysterical.

6）Helendidnotwantanotherextracurricularjob.SheacceptedthepresidencyoftheGirls’AthleticAssociation.Shewasmoreinterestedinsportsthaninanythingelse.

7）Hetoldmetolookintheunabridgeddictionary,anditwasonhisdesk.

8）ThestudentscomplainedthattheycouldnotstudyinMissBaker’sstudyhall.Therewastoomuchconfusion.Theydidnotrealizethattheythemselveswereresponsiblefortheconfusion.

9）Thenutsvaryinheight.Theymeasurefromtentofifteenfeetindiameter.Theycontainnomodernconveniences.

10）Myunclenoticedthefrightenedlookonmyface,andhetoldmethatthesnakewasnotarealone.

Exercise2

Thisexerciseconsistsofstringysentences.Revisethesentencesbysubordination,divisionintomorethanonesentence,andreductionofco-ordinateclausestoacompoundpredicate.Getridofthemonotonoususeofandandso.Youmayaddafewwordsofyourownifthewordswillhelpyoutoimprovethesentences.

1）ThestorybeginswithafamilythatcameoverfromEuropeyearsago,andtheystartedWestinawagontrain,buttheyhadtroublewiththeirwagon,sotheytoldtheirfriendstogoahead,butthenitwashardtofindthewagontrainagainoutontheprairie.

2）Youhaveanhourforlunch,soyouplowthroughthecrowdsandfinallygetpushedintoacheaphamburgerstand,andthenyouwaitahalfhourforaseatandanothertwentyminutesforthemtokillandwarmthemeat,andyougetbacktoworkfiveminuteslate,soyougetascoldingfromtheboss.

3）IaskedSueforadate,butshehadalreadyacceptedaninvitation,soIaskedBarbara,butshehadheardthatIhadaskedSuefirst,soshewouldn’tgowithme.

4）Thenextmorningmostroadswereimpassable,sotherewashardlyanyoneinschool,soweweregivenaholiday.

1）ThestorybeginswithafamilywhichstartedWestinawagontrainfromEuropeyearsago.Whentheyhadtroublewiththewagontrain,theyurgedtheirfriendstogoahead,buttheyfailedtofindthewagontrainagainoutontheprairie.

2）Havinganhourforlunch,youplowthroughthecrowdsandfinallygetpushedintoacheaphamburgerstand,whereyouwaithalfanhourforaseatandanothertwentyminutesforthemeat.That’swhyyougettoworkfiveminuteslateandgetascoldingfromtheboss.

3）IaskedSueforadate,butshehadalreadyacceptedaninvitation.WhenIaskedBarbara,shewouldnotgowithmeforshehadheardthatIhadaskedSuefirst.

4）Thenextmorningweweregivenaholidaybecausemostroadswereimpassablesothatalmostnobodywasinschool.

Unit7TextualDevelopment

1.Classificationofpapers

1.Paperoftheoreticalnature:

Thiskindofpapermainlyfocusesontheoreticalexplanationincludingcalculation,derivation,numericalsimulation,reasoning,inference,deductiveanalysis,inductiveanalysisandpersuasion.Thecontentisstructuredbyfollowingcertainlogicalsequencessuchasdeductivemethod,inductivemethod,chronologicalorder,investigationprocedures,spatialpatternandprogressiveanalysis.Thesepatternsofdevelopmentareoftenusedincombination,andtheycanbeappliedtoindividualsectionsaswellastoanentirepaper.

2.Paperofexperimentalnature:

Thefocusofthiskindofpaperisonexperiments,investigationsandresultanalysis.Thetextualdescriptionincludestheexperimentalprocessproceduresundertaken,technologyinvolved,materialsused,equipmentrequired,conditionsprovidedaswellasresultsobtainedandanalysisconcerned.Thecontentisalsoorganizedbyfollowingcertainlogicalpatternsastheonesintheoreticalpapers.

3.Paperofcombinednatures:

Thiskindofpaperpossessescharacteristicsofboththeoreticaloneandexperimentalone.Manypapersfallintothiscategory.

StandardFormat（thestructureknownasIMRAD）

●Introduction

●LiteratureReview

●InvestigationMethod

Showtheresearchdesign/framework.Statetheresearchhypotheses.Presentthedata（qualitativeorquantitativeorboth）neededtotestthehypothesesortoanswerthequestions.Discussthesourcesofdata,instrumentused（tests,observationsscales,questionnairesurveys,interview,casestudy,introspectivereflection（内省反思法）,retrospectiverecall（追溯回顾法）,self-report,thinkingaloudapproach,comprehensivemethod,etc.）,andtheproceduresfollowedingatheringandanalyzingthedata.Indicatethelimitationsofstudy.

●Results

Generalizetheinvestigationandpresenttheresultsoftheinvestigation,reportingthenegativeaswellaspositiveresults.Accompanythereportswithrelevantartificiallanguagesuchastables,figuresorphotos.

●DiscussionandInterpretation

Analyzeandinterpretthedata.Showwhethertheresultsconfirmorcontrastwithpreviouslypublishedliterature.Evaluatetherelevantpoints.Discusstheimplicationsofthefindings.Statethesignificance.

…

●Conclusions

Sample1

AnAnalysisoftheProductApproachandtheProcessApproach

totheTeachingofWritingatTertiaryLevel

1.Introduction

2.Literaturereview

3.Hypotheses

3.1Problems

3.1.1Text-structuredeficiency

3.1.2Interlingualerrors

3.1.3Intralingualerrors

3.1.4Writtenformandspokenform

3.2Learningprocess

3.2.1Transferfromthemothertongue

3.2.2Creativeconstruction

3.3Hypothesesoftheeffectivewritingmethodology

4.Assumptions

…

5.Datacollectionandanalysis

5.1Subject

5.2Datacollectionprocedure

5.3Dataanalysis

6.Resultevaluation

7.Conclusion

Sample2

Solid-FluidBiomimeticCompositesbyConsideringLoadDispersion

MechanismOfCancellousBoneStructure

Thepurposeofthisresearchistoapplybiomimeticdesignedcompositestoartificialstructures.Fromtheviewpointofthebio-jointmechanism,thesolid-fluidcompositestructureofthecancellousboneislikelytoplayanimportantroleintheloadtransmission.Thereforethesolid-fluidcompositemodelequaltothecancellousbonewasmadebyusinghoneycombstructure.Staticindentationtestingwascarriedout,andin-planedeformationconditionsofthesolid-fluidcompositespecimensweremeasuredquantitatively.Experimentalresultsillustratedthatthehydrostaticpressureofthefluidphasehasagreatinfluenceonthein-planedeformationconditionofthesolidphase.Consequentlythecompressiveloaddispersionbythesolid-fluidphaseinteractionwasexpectedundertheframeworkofthesolid-fluidcompositemodels.（118words）

KeyWords:

Biomimeticdesign;biomechanics;Biomaterials;compositematerial;solid-fluidcomposites;loaddispersion

1.Introduction

2.Experimentalmethods

2.1Modelingofcancellousbone

2.2Makingofspecimens

2.3Identifyingofin-planedeformation

3.Resultsanddiscussion

3.1Load-displacementcurves

3.2Distributionsofin-planedeformation

…

4.Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Sample3

ARigid-PlasticConstitutiveTheoryforNormalAnisotr