英国文学史部分课后答案.docx
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英国文学史部分课后答案
Chapter1
1.GivenanaccountofthehistoryofEnglandfromtheCelticsettlementtotheNormanConquest.
●600BC,Celts(tribal)(BritonsisabranchofCelts)begantomigratetotheBritishIsles
●55BC-407AD,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritain,defeatedCelts,andbegannearlyfourcenturiesofRomanoccupation
●450AD,The“Saxons”(theTeutonicorGermanictribesofAngles,Saxons,Jutes)(originallyseafaringpeoplealongthecoastofDenmarkandGermany)cametotheBritishIslesanddrovetheCeltstoWales,ScotlandandIreland,andsettleddownthemselvesandnamedthecentralpartoftheisland“England”,becamethemastersofEnglandandtheancestorsoftheEnglishpeople.
●Late8-9thcentury,Viking(theDanesfromScandinavia)invasionsandbedefeatedbytheWessexKing,AlfredtheGreat(849-c899)
●1066,NormanConquest(fromNormandyinnorthernFrance):
William,DukeofNormandy,defeatedHarold(thelastSaxonking)andbecametheKingofEngland.
2.HowdidChristianitycometoEngland?
Namethemostimportantmonasteriesofthisperiod.
●Itwasintheyearof597thatPopeGregorytheGreatoftheRomanCatholicChurchsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheAnglo-Saxons.KingEthelbertoftheKentwasthefirsttobeconvertedandhefoundedinKenttheCanterburyAbbey.Inthenorth,theearlierChristianizedIrelandwasengagedinsendingmissionariestotheAngles.ThemonasteriesbuiltbytheminNorthUmbriaweretheearliestcivilizinginfluences,andthewell-knownNorthUmbriaSchoolinliteraryhistoryreferstothelearnedmonksinthesemonasteries.FromCanterburyandNorthUmbria,Christianityspreadthroughoutthecountry.
3.AnalyzetheartisticfeaturesofBeowulf,usingthequotedpassagetoillustrateyourpoints.
①hemostnoticeableartisticfeatureofBeowulfisalliteration.
②Anotherpeculiarfeaturecharacteristicisthefrequentuseofkennings,topoeticallypresentthemeaningofonesinglewordthroughacompoundsimileoftwoelements.
③Finally,thegeneralmoodandspiritofAnglo-Saxonepicpoetryisbothsolemnandanimated,
Chapter2
1.WhatwasthesocialandclassrealityoftheAnglo-Normanperiod?
●After1066,theAnglo-Normanperiodbegan.TheNormanwasinoriginScandinavian.Theyprotectedtheirfeudalmonarchybyastrongpower.WilliamtheConquerordividedthelandofEnglandamonghisfollowerswhobecamebarons,whichthedefeatedAnglo-Saxonsworkedasserfsandpeasantsforthemandwerecruellyexploitedandoppressed.Besidesthekingandthelords,onethirdofthelandinthelandinthecountrywasownedbytheChurch.Norman-Frenchwasmadetheofficiallanguageofthestate,whileEnglishwasignored.ThelowlypeoplekepttoEnglishandgraduallytheinvaderswereassimilated.theEnglishlanguagesurvived,andbecamearicherandmorematurelanguageafterabsorbingagreatmanyFrenchwordsintoitsvocabulary.AtthistimethattheEnglishlanguagelostmostofitsoldAnglo-Saxonsflexions.
2.TellthethreedivisionsofromancesaccordingtosubjectmatterandgiveanexampleoftheMatterofBritain.
●Romancescanbedividedaccordingtotheirsubjectsintothreegroups:
MatterofFrance,MatterofRome,andMatterofBritain.MatterofBritain:
e.g.theArthuriancyclewhichhasitsoriginintheCelticlegendsandconsistsofadventuresofKingArthurandhisRound-TableKnights,andSirGawainandLancelot,MerlintheMagician,thequestoftheHolyGrail.
3.SayasmuchasyouknowaboutChaucer’slifeandworks.
●GeoffreyChaucer,agreatnarrativepoet,isthoughtofasFatherofEnglishPoetry.Hewasborninawell-to-dowinemerchant’sfamilyinLondonandstudiedatOxfordandCambridge.In1836hewaselectedduringMemberofParliament.In1389hewasmadeClerkoftheKing’sWorksatWestminsterandWindsor.Afterhedied,hewasburiedintheWestminsterAbbey.
●Chaucer’screativecareerisusuallydividedintothreephases.1,thephaseofFrenchinfluence,inwhichhedidtranslationsfromFrenchauthors,e.g.thefamousRomanceoftheRose,andexperimentedwithrhythmandstructurethoughmostlyfollowingtheconventionalimagesandideas.HefavoredandwroteallegoricalvisionsandsatiresinthemannerofmiddleAges.ThemostsignificantworkofthisperiodisTheBookofDuchess.2,thephaseofItalianinfluence,inwhichheshowedanefforttolearnfromtheItaliangreatpoetssuchasDante.TheHouseofFame,TheParliamentofFowlsandTroilusandCriseydearepoemsofthisphase.3,theEnglishphases,orthephaseofrealism,inwhichhismasterpieceTheCanterburyTaleswadcreated.
4.CommentontheartisticfeaturesofCanterburytales.
●1RealisticPresentationofCharactersandContemporarylife.FirstofallwemustmentionChaucer’srealisticpresentationofcharacters.ThepoettriestogiveacomprehensivepictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandarrangestopresentacolorfulgalleryofpilgrimsthatcoversagreatrangeofsociallife.2Chaucer’sHumor:
TheCanterburyTaleswinsreaderswithitshumor.Heiswell-skilledinmildandsubtleironytocreatehumorouseffects.3unityThroughaFramedStory:
theCanterburyTalesisaframedstory.
5.SumupChaucer’sachievementsandcontributions.
●ChaucerlearnedfrombothFrenchandLatinpoetryandthenworkedoutauniquestylefortheEnglishpoetry.TherealismandhumanisticconcernsdemonstratedinhisworkslookedforwardtothecomingEnglishRenaissance.BecauseheusestheEnglishoftheLondondialecttocomposepoetry,itbecomesaliterarylanguage,thatisalanguagerichandexpressiveenoughtouseforliterarypurposes.WecalltheEnglishusedanddevelopedbyChaucerandhiscontemporariesMiddleEnglish,whichwasthefoundationofmodernEnglish.
Chapter3
1) HowdidEnglandbecomethemostpowerfulcountryduringtheTudorreign?
●KingHenryⅧoftheTudorHouse,whoreignedfrom1509to1547brokefromtheRomanCatholicChurch,dissolvedallthemonasteriesandabbeysinEngland,confiscatedtheirlandsandmadehimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland.HenryⅧalsoadoptedpoliciestopleasetherichmerchants,handicraftsmenandmanufacturerswhoformedthenewly-bornmiddleclasses.TheTudorreignreacheditssummitduringthetimeofQueenElizabeth,whoadoptedmoderatepoliciestoachieveabalancebothbetweentherisingmiddleclassandthefeudallordsandbetweentheProtestantsandtheCatholics.ItwasapeacefultimeandEnglandbecomesapowerfulstate.
2) Whatdoestheword‘renaissance’meanandwhydowecallthishistoricalperiodtheEnglishrenaissanceperiod?
●Renaissanceisafenceword,meaning‘rebirth’or‘revival’,andinparticularcontext,itmeanstherevivalofartsandsciencesofancientGreeceandRomeafterthelongyearsofneglectinthemedievaltime.InEnglandatfirstagreatnumberofclassicalworksweretranslatedintoEnglishinthe15thand16thcenturiesandEnglishscholarsandmenoflettersshowedastronginterestinancientGreekandRomanscience.Theyfollowedinthewakeoftheintellectualandliterarymovementwhichbeganinthe14thcenturyinItalyandlaterspreadtoFrance,Spain,HollandandotherwesternEuropeancountries.
3) GiveabriefaccountofThomasMore’slifeandhismajorworkUtopia.
●ThomasMore(1478~1535),aParliamentmemberandajudgebyprofession.hedevotedhissparetimetowritingandwrotethefamousbookUtopiainLatin,whichwaspublishedin1516.InthebookMoremeetsatraveleratAntwerp,whohasseenaplacecalledUtopiarelendofnowhere’,wherecommunismisadoptedasthesocialsystem,educationisofferedtoallpeople,includingwomen,andreligiousdifferencesaretolerated.MoreisrememberedforUtopia,whichisfirstrealsignificantexpressionoftheEnglishhumanistideal.
4)NameSpenser`smajorliteraryworkandtellwhatitisabout.
●EdmundSpenser(1552~1599)
●TheShepheardesCalender(1579),Spenser`sfirstimportantwork,isapastoralpoemof12parts,onepartforonemonthoftheyear,givingdescriptionsmonthlyoftheEnglishcountryside.ThepoemiswritteninthetraditionofVirgil`sversedialogueswithcharactersofshepherdsandshepherdesses,butthemainthemesembodiedarelove,poetryandreligion.
●TheFaerieQueene(1569),Spenser`smajorachievement,however,isunfinished.Itisanallegoricalromanceinverse.Accordingtohisplan,thereshouldbe12books,eachtellingtheadventuresofoneknightdispatchedbytheFaerieQueen,Gloria,whorepresentsgloryinthegeneralandQueenElizabethinparticular.
5)WhatareBacon`schiefcontributions?
●TheAdvancementofLearning(1605),hisclassifiesallbranchesoflearning,whichhadagreatinfluenceonthe18th~centurycompilersofencyclopediasandthe19th~centuryComtians.InhisLatinworkNovumOrganum(1620)Baconpresentshistheoryofscientificmethodwhichteacheshowtointerpretnature,discussesnaturalhistoryincludingseveralnaturalphenomenasuchasthewinds,andgivesexamplesofhisnewmethodinuse.Baconisregardedasaforerunnerofmodernscienceandscientificlearning.
6).WhowasthegreatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeare?
Discussoneofhisplays.
●ChristopherMarlowe
●Tamberlaine,theGreat(1587),writteninblankverse,isthelifestoryofTimurtheTartar.Inpart1,MarloweshowshowTamburlainerosetopowerfromashepherd-robberbydefeatingthekingofPersia.ThenheconqueredtheTurkishEmperorandtheSoldanofEgypt.Part2tellsmoreofhisconquests,whichwentasfarasBabylon.Theplayendedwithtamburlaine`sdeath.InTamburlaineweseetheRenaissancepursuitofman`spowerandauthority.Heisruthlesstowardhisenemies,butatthesametimeiscapableofpassionatelo