英国文学史部分课后答案.docx

英国文学史部分课后答案.docx

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英国文学史部分课后答案

Chapter1

1.GivenanaccountofthehistoryofEnglandfromtheCelticsettlementtotheNormanConquest.

●600BC,Celts（tribal）（BritonsisabranchofCelts）begantomigratetotheBritishIsles

●55BC-407AD,JuliusCaesarinvadedBritain,defeatedCelts,andbegannearlyfourcenturiesofRomanoccupation

●450AD,The“Saxons”（theTeutonicorGermanictribesofAngles,Saxons,Jutes）（originallyseafaringpeoplealongthecoastofDenmarkandGermany）cametotheBritishIslesanddrovetheCeltstoWales,ScotlandandIreland,andsettleddownthemselvesandnamedthecentralpartoftheisland“England”,becamethemastersofEnglandandtheancestorsoftheEnglishpeople.

●Late8-9thcentury,Viking（theDanesfromScandinavia）invasionsandbedefeatedbytheWessexKing,AlfredtheGreat（849-c899）

●1066,NormanConquest（fromNormandyinnorthernFrance）:

William,DukeofNormandy,defeatedHarold（thelastSaxonking）andbecametheKingofEngland.

2.HowdidChristianitycometoEngland?

Namethemostimportantmonasteriesofthisperiod.

●Itwasintheyearof597thatPopeGregorytheGreatoftheRomanCatholicChurchsentSt.AugustinetoEnglandtoconverttheAnglo-Saxons.KingEthelbertoftheKentwasthefirsttobeconvertedandhefoundedinKenttheCanterburyAbbey.Inthenorth,theearlierChristianizedIrelandwasengagedinsendingmissionariestotheAngles.ThemonasteriesbuiltbytheminNorthUmbriaweretheearliestcivilizinginfluences,andthewell-knownNorthUmbriaSchoolinliteraryhistoryreferstothelearnedmonksinthesemonasteries.FromCanterburyandNorthUmbria,Christianityspreadthroughoutthecountry.

3.AnalyzetheartisticfeaturesofBeowulf,usingthequotedpassagetoillustrateyourpoints.

①hemostnoticeableartisticfeatureofBeowulfisalliteration.

②Anotherpeculiarfeaturecharacteristicisthefrequentuseofkennings,topoeticallypresentthemeaningofonesinglewordthroughacompoundsimileoftwoelements.

③Finally,thegeneralmoodandspiritofAnglo-Saxonepicpoetryisbothsolemnandanimated,

Chapter2

1.WhatwasthesocialandclassrealityoftheAnglo-Normanperiod?

●After1066,theAnglo-Normanperiodbegan.TheNormanwasinoriginScandinavian.Theyprotectedtheirfeudalmonarchybyastrongpower.WilliamtheConquerordividedthelandofEnglandamonghisfollowerswhobecamebarons,whichthedefeatedAnglo-Saxonsworkedasserfsandpeasantsforthemandwerecruellyexploitedandoppressed.Besidesthekingandthelords,onethirdofthelandinthelandinthecountrywasownedbytheChurch.Norman-Frenchwasmadetheofficiallanguageofthestate,whileEnglishwasignored.ThelowlypeoplekepttoEnglishandgraduallytheinvaderswereassimilated.theEnglishlanguagesurvived,andbecamearicherandmorematurelanguageafterabsorbingagreatmanyFrenchwordsintoitsvocabulary.AtthistimethattheEnglishlanguagelostmostofitsoldAnglo-Saxonsflexions.

2.TellthethreedivisionsofromancesaccordingtosubjectmatterandgiveanexampleoftheMatterofBritain.

●Romancescanbedividedaccordingtotheirsubjectsintothreegroups:

MatterofFrance,MatterofRome,andMatterofBritain.MatterofBritain:

e.g.theArthuriancyclewhichhasitsoriginintheCelticlegendsandconsistsofadventuresofKingArthurandhisRound-TableKnights,andSirGawainandLancelot,MerlintheMagician,thequestoftheHolyGrail.

3.SayasmuchasyouknowaboutChaucer’slifeandworks.

●GeoffreyChaucer,agreatnarrativepoet,isthoughtofasFatherofEnglishPoetry.Hewasborninawell-to-dowinemerchant’sfamilyinLondonandstudiedatOxfordandCambridge.In1836hewaselectedduringMemberofParliament.In1389hewasmadeClerkoftheKing’sWorksatWestminsterandWindsor.Afterhedied,hewasburiedintheWestminsterAbbey.

●Chaucer’screativecareerisusuallydividedintothreephases.1,thephaseofFrenchinfluence,inwhichhedidtranslationsfromFrenchauthors,e.g.thefamousRomanceoftheRose,andexperimentedwithrhythmandstructurethoughmostlyfollowingtheconventionalimagesandideas.HefavoredandwroteallegoricalvisionsandsatiresinthemannerofmiddleAges.ThemostsignificantworkofthisperiodisTheBookofDuchess.2,thephaseofItalianinfluence,inwhichheshowedanefforttolearnfromtheItaliangreatpoetssuchasDante.TheHouseofFame,TheParliamentofFowlsandTroilusandCriseydearepoemsofthisphase.3,theEnglishphases,orthephaseofrealism,inwhichhismasterpieceTheCanterburyTaleswadcreated.

4.CommentontheartisticfeaturesofCanterburytales.

●1RealisticPresentationofCharactersandContemporarylife.FirstofallwemustmentionChaucer’srealisticpresentationofcharacters.ThepoettriestogiveacomprehensivepictureoftheEnglishsocietyofhistimeandarrangestopresentacolorfulgalleryofpilgrimsthatcoversagreatrangeofsociallife.2Chaucer’sHumor:

TheCanterburyTaleswinsreaderswithitshumor.Heiswell-skilledinmildandsubtleironytocreatehumorouseffects.3unityThroughaFramedStory:

theCanterburyTalesisaframedstory.

5.SumupChaucer’sachievementsandcontributions.

●ChaucerlearnedfrombothFrenchandLatinpoetryandthenworkedoutauniquestylefortheEnglishpoetry.TherealismandhumanisticconcernsdemonstratedinhisworkslookedforwardtothecomingEnglishRenaissance.BecauseheusestheEnglishoftheLondondialecttocomposepoetry,itbecomesaliterarylanguage,thatisalanguagerichandexpressiveenoughtouseforliterarypurposes.WecalltheEnglishusedanddevelopedbyChaucerandhiscontemporariesMiddleEnglish,whichwasthefoundationofmodernEnglish.

Chapter3

1）          HowdidEnglandbecomethemostpowerfulcountryduringtheTudorreign?

●KingHenryⅧoftheTudorHouse,whoreignedfrom1509to1547brokefromtheRomanCatholicChurch,dissolvedallthemonasteriesandabbeysinEngland,confiscatedtheirlandsandmadehimselfheadoftheChurchofEngland.HenryⅧalsoadoptedpoliciestopleasetherichmerchants,handicraftsmenandmanufacturerswhoformedthenewly-bornmiddleclasses.TheTudorreignreacheditssummitduringthetimeofQueenElizabeth,whoadoptedmoderatepoliciestoachieveabalancebothbetweentherisingmiddleclassandthefeudallordsandbetweentheProtestantsandtheCatholics.ItwasapeacefultimeandEnglandbecomesapowerfulstate.

2）          Whatdoestheword‘renaissance’meanandwhydowecallthishistoricalperiodtheEnglishrenaissanceperiod?

●Renaissanceisafenceword,meaning‘rebirth’or‘revival’,andinparticularcontext,itmeanstherevivalofartsandsciencesofancientGreeceandRomeafterthelongyearsofneglectinthemedievaltime.InEnglandatfirstagreatnumberofclassicalworksweretranslatedintoEnglishinthe15thand16thcenturiesandEnglishscholarsandmenoflettersshowedastronginterestinancientGreekandRomanscience.Theyfollowedinthewakeoftheintellectualandliterarymovementwhichbeganinthe14thcenturyinItalyandlaterspreadtoFrance,Spain,HollandandotherwesternEuropeancountries.

3）          GiveabriefaccountofThomasMore’slifeandhismajorworkUtopia.

●ThomasMore（1478~1535）,aParliamentmemberandajudgebyprofession.hedevotedhissparetimetowritingandwrotethefamousbookUtopiainLatin,whichwaspublishedin1516.InthebookMoremeetsatraveleratAntwerp,whohasseenaplacecalledUtopiarelendofnowhere’,wherecommunismisadoptedasthesocialsystem,educationisofferedtoallpeople,includingwomen,andreligiousdifferencesaretolerated.MoreisrememberedforUtopia,whichisfirstrealsignificantexpressionoftheEnglishhumanistideal.

4）NameSpenser`smajorliteraryworkandtellwhatitisabout.

●EdmundSpenser（1552~1599）

●TheShepheardesCalender（1579）,Spenser`sfirstimportantwork,isapastoralpoemof12parts,onepartforonemonthoftheyear,givingdescriptionsmonthlyoftheEnglishcountryside.ThepoemiswritteninthetraditionofVirgil`sversedialogueswithcharactersofshepherdsandshepherdesses,butthemainthemesembodiedarelove,poetryandreligion.

●TheFaerieQueene（1569）,Spenser`smajorachievement,however,isunfinished.Itisanallegoricalromanceinverse.Accordingtohisplan,thereshouldbe12books,eachtellingtheadventuresofoneknightdispatchedbytheFaerieQueen,Gloria,whorepresentsgloryinthegeneralandQueenElizabethinparticular.

5）WhatareBacon`schiefcontributions?

●TheAdvancementofLearning（1605）,hisclassifiesallbranchesoflearning,whichhadagreatinfluenceonthe18th~centurycompilersofencyclopediasandthe19th~centuryComtians.InhisLatinworkNovumOrganum（1620）Baconpresentshistheoryofscientificmethodwhichteacheshowtointerpretnature,discussesnaturalhistoryincludingseveralnaturalphenomenasuchasthewinds,andgivesexamplesofhisnewmethodinuse.Baconisregardedasaforerunnerofmodernscienceandscientificlearning.

6）.WhowasthegreatestplaywrightbeforeShakespeare?

Discussoneofhisplays.

●ChristopherMarlowe

●Tamberlaine,theGreat（1587）,writteninblankverse,isthelifestoryofTimurtheTartar.Inpart1,MarloweshowshowTamburlainerosetopowerfromashepherd-robberbydefeatingthekingofPersia.ThenheconqueredtheTurkishEmperorandtheSoldanofEgypt.Part2tellsmoreofhisconquests,whichwentasfarasBabylon.Theplayendedwithtamburlaine`sdeath.InTamburlaineweseetheRenaissancepursuitofman`spowerandauthority.Heisruthlesstowardhisenemies,butatthesametimeiscapableofpassionatelo